1.1. - 5%- (r=1.042 /).
1.2. 100 0.01 HCN, 4 ? ?
1.3. HCN, 0.1 HNO3?
2.1. 0.01 .
2.2. 22 . 1 , =1.4×10-12.
2.3. 2- , 1 1 0.001 HCl.
3.1. - 0.03 .
3.2. , H2S 0.05 .
3.3. 0.2 HCN KCN, 0.02 /. ?
4.1. 2%- (r=1.021 /).
4.2. NH4OH, 2%. .
4.3. , 1 1 100 20%- (r=1.057 /)?
5.1. : 2%- (r=1.016 /) 1.6%- NaOH (r=1.016 /)?
5.2. HClO 0.001 0.71%. .
5.3. ClO- , 150 1.5 10-3 HClO 1.5 10-3 HCl.
6.1. ClO4- , 3 HClO4 300 .
6.2. HF , 0.25 5.1%.
6.3. 6.1 6.2, HF 6 ?
7.1. 1 , 12?
7.2. HBrO 0.04% 5.3. .
7.3. BrO 1 HBrO , 5
8.1 - 3%- BaCl2 (r=1.025 /).
8.2 , 100 ?
8.3 , , , ? .
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9.1 - 0.02 Al(NO3)3.
9.2 0.01 .
9.3 0.1 HClO ClO, 0.005 /. ?
10.1 Sr2+ NO3- 8%- Sr(NO3)2 (r=1.072/).
10.2 300 0.0025 - H2S, 3 ? ?
10.3 , 1 ?
11.1 0.3%- HClO4 (r=1.002 /).
11.2 0.01 HClO.
11.3 Cl- , 1 1×10-5 HClO 1×10-6 HCl.
12.1 0.2%- ()2 (r=1.002 /).
12.2 HClO, 0.2%. .
12.3 , 2 1 2%- KClO (r=1.013 /)?
13.1 : 1% - HCl (r=1.003 /) 1%- HClO4 (r=1.005 /)?
13.2 NH4OH, 0.1 11.13.
13.3 , 300 0.1 NH4OH 0.1 .
14.1 3 , 11.5?
14.2 HClO 0.63% 5.1. .
14.3 ClO 1 , 7 ?
15.1 , 200 0.8 .
15.2 NH4OH , 0.2 0.95%.
15.3 15.1 15.2, NH4OH 20 ?
16.1 HPO42- 3% - K2HPO4 (r=1.021 /).
16.2 20 0.1 - NH4OH, 10 ? ?
16.3 NH4OH, 1 NOH?
17.1 - 0.003 - (N3)2.
17.2 +, 23- 32- 0.8 - , 1=1.6 ×10-3 2=6.3×10-7.
17.3 0.15 - NH4OH NH4Cl, 0.2 /. .
18.1 0.2%- (r=1.001 /).
18.2 0.1 N.
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18.3 N- , 2 0.1 N 0.0005 HCl.
19.1 SO42- 3%- Al2(SO4)3 (r=1.025 /).
19.2 , 4.5.
19.3 100 0.02 , 23 150 ?
20.1 0.1%- (r=1.00 /).
20.2 HBrO, 0.001 5.85.
20.3 BrO- , 200 0.01 HBrO 0.005 HBr.
21.1 LiOH 1 , 11?
21.2 NH4OH 1.8% 11. .
21.3 NH4Cl 1 , 10 ?
22.1 , 100 0.5 Cl2.
22.2 HBrO , HBrO 0.01 0.0447%.
22.3 BrO 1 , HBrO 10 ?
23.1 200 , 2.5?
23.2 N 0.089% 6.05. .
23.3 N 1 , 200 ?
24.1 - 5.2%- 23 (r=1.044 /).
24.2 10 0.02 23, 2 ? ?
24.3 , 0.001 ?
25.1 0.2 - .
25.2 H2S , 5.3.
25.3 NaHS 750 0.001 - H2S, 10 ?
, , , . , . .
: , , - . 1 .
1
Na2CO3 ( ).
I : 32-+2 3- + -
(- )
Na2CO3 + H2O NaHCO3+ NaOH
( )
2 : HCO3-+ H2O H2CO3 + OH-
NaHCO3 + H2O H2CO3 + NaOH.
(- 32-) , I - (3-), 2 - (H2CO3). - (-), (>7).
2
NH4Cl ( )
NH4++H2O NH4OH + H+
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NH4Cl + H2O NH4OH + HC1.
3
rCl3 ( , 3, ). Cr3+ - , -, Cr(OH)2+, [Cr(OH)2]+ Cr(OH)3. I :
Cr3++H2O Cr(OH)2++H+.
CrCl3 + H2O CrOHC12 + Hc1. <7.
4
Al(CH3COO)3 ( )
Al3++3CH3COO- + 3H2O Al(OH)3¯ + 3CH3COOH
- (ͻ 7), , . .
(), (h) (W) () [+] [-] :
) ( )
= W/a,
h Ö(/),
[-]= h × C Ö(×), [+] W/[-],
- ;
) ( )
= W/b,
h @ Ö(/),
[+] = h×CÖ(×),
b - ;
) ( )
= W/(b×a).
1. h<<1. , h
=C× h2/(1-h).
2. , , ,
HPO4 2- + H2O H2PO4 - + OH-
H2PO4 - HPO4 2- + H+.
( - , ).
5
0,1 .
3-+2 3 + -.
a=1,8×10-5.
= W/a = 10-14 /(1,8×10-5) = 5,56 × 10-10.
h = Ö(/) = Ö(5,56×10-10 /0,1) = 7,5×10-5.
[-] = h×C = 7,5×10-5×0,1 = 7,5×10-6 /.
[+] = W/[-] = 10-14/(7,5×10-6) = 1,33×10-9 /.
= -lg[+] = - lg 1,3 × 10-9 = 8,88.
6
0,1 34.
I
PO43-+H2O HPO42-+ OH-,
a3(34) = 1,3 × 10-12.
= W/a3 = 10-14/(1,3×10-12) = 7,7×10-3.
5.
, + -, , , . .
7.
:
I : Zn2++H2O ZnOH++H+
2 : ZnOH++H2O Zn(OH)2¯ +H+.
ZnCl2 , - - + . , .. 2 , Zn(OH)2¯. (ZnCl2) , + , .. .
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+ ( -) , ( ), , , . , ,
8
Zn(NO3)2 Na2CO3 .
I : Zn2++H2O Zn(OH)++H+,
2 : ZnOH++H2O Zn(OH)2¯ +H+.
I : CO32- + H2O HCO3-+OH-,
2 : HCO3-+H2O H2CO3 + OH-.
+ + -2
, ( , CO2 H2O)
Zn2++CO32-+H2O Zn(OH)2¯ + CO2
Zn(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 + H2O Zn(OH)2¯ + CO2 + 2NaNO3.
