, , . :
As
, 1) , , ; 2) ; 3) .
( ) , .
As he walked on, he grew more and more tired. , .
Covered with dust as he was, he didn't want to come in. , .
, as , ; ... , ... . :
as to (for)
as if ,
so as ( ) ; ()
as it is ( ) , ,
as it is ( ) ,
as it were
as it happens ,
as a matter of fact ,
as a whole
The struggle for peace is as important as the struggle for independence.
, .
But
but , .
but: anything but -- , , .
but : 1) , , , ; 2) , , .
but: but for .
but , .
But for you we should not have finished the work in time. , .
He is but fifteen. .
For
, for , , .
How to guarantee durable peace on our planet? The best way is general and complete disarmament, for it rules out force in the settlement of international issues.
? pa, .
It was necessary to introduce a system of rationing, for the shortage of food was high enough.
, .
, for :
1) , ;
2) , ;
3) ;
4) , - ;
5) -, , ;
6) , ;
7) , ();
8) , .
for:
for all... , ()..., , ... ...
...for one .
for one thing -,
for that matter ; ; , ; / ; ; ,
|
|
|
but for
is just the man for this position. .
gave his horse for a gun. .
Nobody will do this for you. .
There is a package left for you here. .
wait:
Who are you waiting for? ?
:
We've been working on this project for half a year.
. (: )
Once
, once , , -, .
, once , .
Since
1) () , :
We haven't talked since Monday. .
2) :
I haven't seen her since. .
3) , :
He hasn't written since he left. , .
4) , :
Since everything was ready, we didn't want to waste time. , .
5)
at first refused, but has since consented. , .
I have been wishing to speak to you ever since you returned. .
:
since then , , ;
ever since 1) () (); 2) ;
long since .
While
:
1) , ;
2) , , ;
3) , .
Over 60,000 drivers were on strike yesterday. Men at York and Portsmouth joined the strike, while at Edinburgh there was a return to work. 60 . , ( ).
While the negotiations have been protracted, there is no evidence that deadlock has been reached. , , .
While .
had an accident while coming here. .
All well and good ,
1. well , , -:
1) well + well + II , ;
The plan, if well designed, will make it possible to save our resources. , , .
2) well + , ;
This question may well be discussed at the next sitting. .
3) well + () , , ; well.
well after
well before
|
|
|
as well
as well as , ... ...
2. very then : very () ; then .
has very pleasing manners. .
You are the very man I want to talk to. , .
The then Prime Minister acted on advice. - .
There
1) there is/are , , , :
There is some discrepancy in the results obtained. .
be exist:
There exist different ways to solve this problem. .
: there is no question of... " ... ".
there is no doubt about it " ".
2) , :
Leave the letter there. .
I'll go there myself. .
3) , , .:
There you go! ! ( !)
There, there. Stop ring! , !
It
1) ( ):
I have heard the news and find it very important. .
2) :
It's today's newspaper. It's interesting. . .
3) , , :
The price rise is inevitable. It means that... . , ...
4) , , , , :
It is necessary to think it over. .
In ancient times it was believed that the Earth was flat. (), .
It seems that... -
It is known that... ,
It's common knowledge that ,
It was observed that ,
5) It was he...who "... ":
It was Lomonosov who founded Moscow university. .
6) , .
I find it hard to understand him. .
This method makes it possible to obtain reliable data. .
That
1) (), (), ():
Show me that magazine please. , , .
That's just what I was going to say. , .
2) , '.
That will do. . (.)
That's quite right. .
3) that , :
That they have prepaid for the delivery of goods was part of the contract. To, , .
4) ; , :
They believe that there will be no problem with payment. , .
The advantage of this method is that it has been tested. , .
5) (-, -):
It's a problem that needs to be discussed in detail. , .
6) - ( ):
The inflation rate in October was higher than that in September. , ( ) .
7) ( in order - ):
|
|
|
I'll leave the paper with you in order that you (should) read it. , .
8) ():
It was our strong will that helped find the solution to the problem. .
9) (-, -), :
It wasn't that bad. .
Which
1) :
The speed at which the car was moving was too high. , , .
2) :
The minimum wage will be increased, which will cause the price rise. , .
3) :
They were doing research of unemployment, in which case both official and hidden unemployment was studied. , , .
For which reason - ;
For which purpose - ;
The manner in which - , ...
The extent to which - , ...
What
1) :
What do you mean? ?
2) :
What size do you wear? ?
3) , ; :
We accept what you offer us. , .
They wanted to know what had happened. , .
4) , ( ):
What he said may have been true. , , , .
What happened was that they were late. , .
What I mean (What I want to say) is that we must go there anyway. ( ), .
5) , :
What technique is to be used should be coordinated with your research supervisor. , .
6) :
- :
A price rise is what followed after that. " - , " " ".
:
What about...? ...?
What does it matter? ?
In what follows... ...
What for? ?
Like
1) , :
Orders and requests are written like any other business letters. .
2) , , :
These substances have like properties. .
3) :
I like this design. .
Only
1) :
Only he was able to help us. .
2) ( ):
The only thing that could help them was time. , , .
His only book was printed after his death. .
: - an only child.
Only just ,
Only too
If only
3) :
They were prepared to do it, only they were never asked. , .
Unless
|
|
|
Unless - , until.
Unless changed, this law will make life difficult for farmers. , .
We always have to wait till/until the last customer has left. , ( , ) .
- unless ifnot. unless , ifnot. unless . , . unless ifnot , .
Unless you change your mind, I wont be able to help you. If you do not change your mind, I wont be able to help you. , .
unless : , , . . , , , + , . .
At the meetings it became clear that unless the union leadership carried out their wishes, the men may form their own organizations. , , , , .
1. :
a) There
1. There are a few things I want to make clear.
2. There is a certain rule to be used in this case.
3. There is no question of printing empty money.
4. There seems to be another solution to the problem.
5. There must be a new instrument to deal with this issue.
6. There has been recently developed a new approach to this.
7. There exist more than one possibility for attracting investments.
b) It
1. Take it seriously. It might help.
2. In our case it is a usual procedure.
3. It is worth while discussing this matter.
4. It is not at all easy to put it into practice.
5. It will be of no use to transfer more money than needed.
6. The teachers are finding it problematic to control classes of young children.
7. Nowadays most people find it difficult to keep pace with the information accumulating in their special field of interest.
c) That
1. That the commercial would do no harm was obvious.
2. Their wages were so low that there was no use to start this campaign.
3. The idea behind it is that we might reduce the time for this operation.
4. The idea that was put forward by the managing director did not seem to be right.
5. The suggestion was made that all the departments were represented on an equal basis.
6. The paper that was presented by a visiting lecturer from the UK aroused great interest.
7. The dollar value of wages in the Baltics is higher than that in the other former Soviet Union republics.
d) It that/ who
1. It was three weeks later that he heard the news.
2. It was not until the mid-forties that this problem was recognized.
3. It was the first price rise that emptied the shops' counters back in 1991.
4. Many people in the world believe that it is man who is degrading and polluting his environment.
5. It is the strength of the peoples that can ensure a world without war, without arms, a world of our dreams.
6. It was not until the Euro was introduced that the EU countries harmonized mutual settlements.
7. It is perhaps for this reason that most of the significant experimental results have surfaced in the last five to seven years.
e) Which
1. Take whichever hat you like.
2. The twins are so much alike that I cannot tell which is which.
3. The way in which this was achieved is not exactly what we have in mind.
4. The extent to which all the components are involved depends on the situation.
5. The economic growth was substantial, which is due to the production volume.
6. He may agree immediately, in which case all this effort will be a waste of time.
7. Pierre and Marie Curie were mostly engaged in researching radioactive elements, in which field they made most essential discoveries.
f) What
1. The answer will depend on what you decide.
2. If this is the norm, what about the other cases?
3. What really matters is the attitude to the problem.
|
|
|
4. What was the formula you used in your calculation?
5. What approach is the best should be decided in advance.
6. We didn't know what the nature of this phenomenon was.
7. What I have tried to do is to give an analysis of the situation.
g) One
1. I remember one Charlie Brown at school.
2. One's family can be a real nuisance at times.
3. One believes things because one has been conditioned to believe them.
4. The only items remaining on the agenda were the ones listed in the Journal for 16 February.
5. "You have a situation where the softer ones see their interests defended by the 'no future people' who are ready to take any kind of risk," he said.
6. The winner will be the one whom the voters don't want less than they don't want his opponent.
7. The new Cabinet shows significant changes, both personal and constructional, from the old one.
h) While
1. While at college, Delia wrote a novel.
2. After a while my eyes became accustomed to the darkness.
3. While skating along at full speed, they heard the cars coming close behind them.
4. While admitting that he had received the stolen jewellery, he denied having taken part in the robbery.
5. The civil rights groups complained that while racial segregation was illegal in New York, it existed in fact.
6. English is understood all over the world while Turkish is spoken by only a few people outside Turkey itself.
7. While many people are fighting the battle to reduce weight, studies are being conducted concerning the appetite and how it is controlled by both emotional and biochemical factors.
i) Unless
1. Unless paying by credit card, please pay in cash.
2. You will fail your exams unless you work harder.
3. Unless the management improve their offer, there'll be a strike.
4. I couldn't have got to the meeting on time unless of course I had caught an earlier train.
5. I am going to look for another job unless the company offers me more money.
6. Unless present trends are reversed, one-third of the 25,000,000 or more young people who will come into the labour market during the next 10 years will not have a high school diploma.
7. The houses will not be built, nor will the rents be reasonable, unless the land is available cheaply and the rate of interest on housing loans reduced.
j) For
1. Are you learning English for pleasure?
2. I bought a book for $3.
3. He got a medal for bravery.
4. There were 50 applicants for the post.
5. I will do it for you.
6. It is difficult to believe it, for so many attempts have been made.
7. After lengthy negotiations they substituted a treaty for an unofficial agreement.
k) Once
1. I have only been there once.
2. He once lived in Zambia.
3. The bill came all at once.
4. Shes done it the once so do not too angry.
5. You have tried the trick once too often.
6. Once you understand the rule, you will have no further problems.
7. Once in a while we go to a restaurant, but usually we eat at home.
l) As
1. Young as I am, I already know what career I want to follow.
2. As the time passed, we were able to see the changes.
3. As Jacob has made me captain, I must call the roll.
4. As we are to take four exams in this coming session, I don't think I'll be able to join you.
5. No doubt new men will be needed as well as a new attitude and new ideas.
6. As far as the mind is concerned, racism cannot be done away with by legislation.
7. Mr B. was quoted as saying that cooperation between the two nations would serve their common interests.
m) Since
1. Since the party he had only spoken to her once.
2. The old building has long since been demolished.
3. I came here in 1972 and I have lived here ever since.
4. Aircraft noise is a problem here since we are close to Heathrow Airport.
5. She moved to London last May and has since got a job on a newspaper.
6. Since the interiors are completed at the factory, the only thing needed at the site is furniture.
7. In the short period since the collapse of the USSR, there have been formed new relations in the region.
n) But
1. The problem is anything but easy.
2. The restaurant serves cheap but excellent food.
3. I had no alternatives but to sign the contract.
4. But for the rain we would have had a nice day.
5. It is your duty to do it, so let us have no buts about it.
6. Things did not go well for the company at first, but everything is fine now.
7. The Bank of England issued orders to banks late Thursday night to limit advances to all but exporters.
o) Only
1. My mother was an only child.
2. Only children are sometimes lonely.
3. I shall be only too pleased to help if I can.
4. He is always making promises, only he never keeps them.
5. The only legal place available for gambling is a casino.
6. I have got enough money to buy her a present, but only just.
7. Only five people were hurt in the accident, the rest escaped uninjured.
p) Well and very
1. Are they coming as well?
2. Those were her very words.
3. His family is not very well off.
4. He was sitting in the very same place.
5. By the end of May we will be well away.
6. The very idea of going abroad delighted him.
7. An extra days leave is all well and good? But what about the bonus we were promised?
q) Like
1. He responded in like manner.
2. You are behaving like children.
3. She acts like she owns the place.
4. This new girlfriend what is she like?
5. I am fond of modern playwrights like Pinter and Ayckborn.
6. Nowadays there is a rare chance to meet people of the like mind.
7. He is a real snob he would never speak to the likes of me.
2. :
1. There are many options to choose from here.
2. Both these countries have liketendencies of development.
3. The surface must be well prepared before you start painting.
4. It was their onlychance to be involved in the project.
5. What followed was the study of possible solutions.
6. We listened attentively, for he brought news of our family.
7. It was only in this century that aluminium was produced in quantity.
8. Macroeconomic stabilization is necessary, sinceit is the only way to market reforms.
9. Factors are investigated which play an important role in the process under study.
10. We hope this decision will make it only difficult to attract the savings of the population.
11. As the Prime Minister was leaving a political rally, his car was besieged by angry demonstrators.
12. Now that the Parliamentary delegation made a detailed study, they had found things even worse than expected.
13. Most people do not like getting up early, and some people find it almost impossible to wake up on time.
14. Unless the National Coal Board comes to terms with the justified wage demands of the miners, a fuel crisis is possible over the Christmas period.
15. In Paris the prolonged Anglo-French talks ended with a joint communiqué which, while claiming some agreement, admitted differences.
16. The democratic and peace forces today have no task more pressing than that of safeguarding humanity against a global thermonuclear disaster.
17. The Bank of England forecasts that investment cuts next year will be severe and more general, and that the trade balance will deteriorate.
18. But under U.S. trade law, imports can be restricted only if the ITC (International Trade Commission) finds them to be as big a factor as any other in causing the industry-wide malaise. The commission did not.
19. Mr ., the union leader, was one of 22 people declared redundant some weeks ago. Since then all but he have been offered other jobs in the company or have found suitable alternative work.
20. He resigned as Secretary of State last May. It was not that he disagreed with the President, although that might have been enough. It was that his judgement on a critical policy matter was rejected.
