. . , , , , . , , , .
int func1(int x) { x=x+1; return x; }
. ( ). . , , , . , , , .
void func2(int &x) { x=x+1; }
. . , . , . , , . , 68.
. , . , , . .
( ), ( , , C++), ( 68). ( var ). , (), ( , ), , - , .
, , : , , ( ), .
|
|
: .
, , , . , , , . . ().
, .
, , . - , , ; , - -.
33
String () . Array [0..N] of Char. N 0 255. , , 1 N. 0 , .. , .
, String[K], K - 255. K. . , , , "+".
. , . . : .
'abcd' > 'abcD' { 'd'>'D' }
'abcd' > 'abc' { 'd'>'' }
'abc' < 'axxc' { 'b'<'x' }
'abcd' = 'abcd'
(String) (Char). , S: string; C: char; S:='', S[1]='', S[2]='' . . , : C:= S[1]; . , , :
for i:= 1 to N div 2 do
begin
C:= S[i];
S[i]:= S[N-i+1];
S[N-i+1]:= C
Writeln(S);
end; { : "" }
N:= ord(S[0]); - "S" S[0]. "ord" . N div 2 - "N" . "C" i- , , .
, :
|
|
for i:=1 to N do if S[i]=' ' then writeln (' ');
for i:=1 to N do if S[i]='/' then S[i]:='\'; { "/" "\"}
() . , , . :
for i:=1 to N do S[i]:= chr(ord(S[i])+2);
{ }
, MS-DOS ASCII 0 255. Pred(C); Succ(C);
.
Length(s) s.
Concat(s1,s2,..,sn) s1+s2+..+sn.
Copy(s,p,k) s, p k.
Pos(s1,s) s1 s s1 s 0 .
Delete(s,p,k) s , p k.
Insert(s,s1,p) s s1, p.
. Str(X:n:d,S) Val(S,X,e). X S , n d . n d . S X. e=0.
: .
var s,x,y,z: string;
begin
x:= 'turbo';
y:= 'pascal';
z:= x+' '+y; { z='turbo pascal' }
s:= ''; { }
for c:='a' to 'z' do s:=s+c; { s='abcd..xyz' }
writeln(s);
end.
35
- , . , . :
;
;
, .
, . , , . . , .. , .
VAR, TYPE. , , . - .
:
Assign ( ) , .
Reset - .
Rewrite ( , ).
Close - .
EOF ( ), True, , False .
, ASCII. . . . . , . . text. :
|
|
Readln (f, st)- st f ;
Writeln (f, st)- st f ;
Append (f) - , f ;
Eoln (st)- , TRUE, st.
1. , 3 . , . .
Program File_text;
var
f1: text;
st: string;
n: byte;
begin
assign (f1, 'file1.txt'); { file1.txt f1 }
rewrite (f1); { file1.txt }
writeln (f1, ' '); { }
writeln (f1, ' ');
writeln (f1, ' Pascal ');
close (f1); { }
reset (f1); { }
while not eof (f1) do { f1}
begin
readln (f1, st); { f1 }
writeln(st); { }
n:= length (st); { }
writeln (' =',n);
end;
close (f1); { }
end.
, () . , . , 0 ..
:
1) Write Read- .
2) Seek ( , ); .
3) Truncate ( ); , , .. , , .
4) Filesize ( ); Integer , .. .
5) Filepos ( ); Integer .
:
Readln (a);
Seek (f, filesize (f));
Write (f, a);
, .. . Write . Reset (f).
, , , Seek. Read, - Write (.. Read ).
: C 10 (, ... ). , , , .
Program file;
Type
wed = record { wed 3 : n, fio, bal}
n: byte; fio: string[15];
bal: array [1..3] of byte; { bal 3 }
end;
Var spisok: wed; { spicok wed}
sp: file of wed; { wed}
procedure vvod; { }
var i,j:byte;
begin
{ assing }
rewrite (sp); { }
|
|
with spisok do
For i:=1 to 10 do begin
n:=i;
writeln (' - ', i); readln (fio);
writeln (' 3 ', fio); For j:= 1 to 3 do readln (bal [j]);
write (sp, spisok); { }
end;
close (sp); { }
end;
procedure print; { }
var j: byte;
begin
reset (sp); { }
writeln ( : );
while not eof (sp) do
with spisok do
begin
Read (sp, spisok); { }
write (n,' ',fio); { }
For j:= 1 to 3 do write (' ', bal [j]);
writeln;
end;
readln;
close (sp);
end;
procedure work;
var num: integer;
begin
reset (sp); { }
writeln ('= '); readln (num);
seek (sp, num-1); { ( 0)}
read (sp,spisok);{ . }
write ('fio='); writeln (spisok.fio);
seek (sp,filepos(sp)-1); { }
writeln ( ); readln (spisok.fio);
write (sp, spisok); { }
close (sp);
end;
begin { }
assign (sp,'Vedom.DAT'); { - sp Vedom.dat}
vvod; print; { }
work; print; { }
readln
end.
:
;
;
.
. :
file of - ( );
text - ;
file - .
:
var
f1: file of char;
f2: file of integer;
f3: file;
t: text;
36
Pascal-
, , , .
()
. , , . , 7.0 :
( )
:
:
(+);
(-);
(*);
(mod);
(div);
;
(+);
(-).
:
(=);
(<>);
(<);
(>)
(>=);
(<=).
, , - , ( ). ( !), .
. , / div. , / , ( , 8 2, .. 8/2=4.0). div , .. .
()
, . . , . : X= {+|-}MP{+ | -} r, M ; r (r ); P . , 2-1 ( ) : 2*10-1=0.2, 1.2345 : 1.234*105=123400.0.
|
|
, , :
real 4 . 3 , .
:
:
(+);
(-);
(*);
(/);
;
(+);
(-).
:
(<>);
(<);
(>);
(>=);
(<=).
, , single, double extended . .
comp, . , comp , 19..20 . comp : , ..
() . integer, real. , :
Var X: integer; Y: real;
Y:= X+2;
, , , . real integer . , integer real: integer 2 , real 6 . real integer : round(x) x , trunc(x) .
: - Byte, ShortInt, Word, Integer LongInt; - Single, Real, Double Extended; Comp. 1 ( 1.5e-45 1.5, 10 -45, - ).
1
Byte 0...255 - 1
ShortInt -128...127 - 1
Word 0..65535 - 2
Integer -32768...32767 - 2
LongInt -2147483648...2147483647 - 4
Single 1.5e-45...3.4e+38 7-8 4
Real 2.9e-39...1.7e+38 11-12 6
Double 5.0e-324...1.7e+308 15-16 8
Extended 3.4e-4932...1.1e+4932 19-20 10
Comp -9.2e18...9.2e18 8 8
Byte Word , ShortInt, Integer LongInt - , Single, Real, Double Extended - . Comp -2 63 +1 +263-1, , Comp . Comp , , .
16- , 16- $ 16- : 0-9,A-F. , 255 $FF. Integer LongInt. , , -1.234, , , -1.234E-5 55512.
, , . ( ) , .. . :
VAR ,..., : ; ,..., : ;...
- (), - , VAR - , , . , , . . VAR . . , , i () , , 100. i , - Byte ShortInt, . ; , , , . Real, , Real , .
b1,b2,b3,b4 Byte, i,j,k Integer r1,r2 Real. , , :
VAR b1,b2,b3,b4: Byte;
i,j,k: Integer;
r1,r2: Real;
:
VAR b1: Byte;
i,j,k: Integer;
VAR r1: Real;
VAR b2,b3,b4: Byte;
r2: Real;
.
: , , . , .. ; , , ; , ; , , . , ; , ( , - ).
? :
:= ;
- . - , - . ";", END. ";", . - , , , , . , , .. . , , + ( ). :
1 ( );
b1 ( );
25+1E3
b1+4.25+r2
:
i:=-11; j:=22+i; k:=i+j+177;
- ( , , ). - . , , , :
CONST =; =;...
- , - , , , , . :
CONST C=-155;
D=C+100;
E=1E2+C+D;
CONST F=D+1;
CONST G=C+F;
, , , . "" - , , - , . C,D,F G Integer, E - Real. - , :
CONST :=; :=;...
, , (, ) . , , , . :
CONST t:Word = $FFFF; b:Byte = 11; r:Real = 1.23E-16; z:Integer = 0;
BEGIN t:=t-1; END.