, , ( , .. : 1955, . 77), . (. Process-oriented writing, . 117). , .
, , , . , . , , . - ( ) , (the traditional read-analyze-write model: Zamel 1987, p. 274; . : Brookes and Grundy 1991; Jordan 1997, p. 164).
, , . ( ) , , , . , -. , , : (gap-filling); (completion); , , (sentence combining); , (unscrambling); , (expansion).
. , , , .
, -, , - , ( , . .) . , , .
Process-oriented writing
, . ( ), . , , (. Product-oriented writing, . 116). , , , , .
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, , :
1. Pre-writing / rehearsing , ( , , .. : 1969, . 133, 153), , - . , , , (discovering, generating ideas). . : (. Brainstorming, . 142), - (. Mapping, . 142), (. Fast writing, . 115), (conferencing), (responding to questions), (note-making, outlining).
2. Writing / drafting , , . : (introduction), (body), (conclusion). , , (unscrambling), () (sentence combining), (expansion) (reduction).
3. Revising / editing / post-writing , , . , , , , , , , . , , , .
. , , , , , , . , , , , , . .
.: Brookes and Grundy 1991; -Lyons and Heasley 1993; Hedge 1993, pp. 44, 164; Krapels 1993; White and Arndt 1994; Johnston 1996; Jordan 1997, p. 167; 1969,1997.