1
1.
G=15 /, : ; t=120 C, =0,75, V=0,3x10 -62/, dx =25x2 n =100.
: G = 15 / t-120 =0,75 ν = 0,3 x 10-6 2/ n = 100 d x σ =25x25 - | : 1. (Re) 2. , (1) w , /, d - d = d - 2σ d = 25 2 x 2 = 21 = 0,021 (2) ν - , 2/ 3. ; / (3) V , 3/ V= ; (4) (5) α = 0.0008 [6.21] |
Re-? |
ρ = 670 /3;
3/;
2;
/;
, , , . . Re > 10000.
: 1. :
d = d - 2σ
d = D - d.
2.
. G = 0,5 / , w = 10 /, t=120 C P = 1,1 , M = 150
: :
G = 0,5 / 1.
t = 120 V = wF (9)
P = 1,1
w = 10 / d = (10)
M = 150 ,
d -? V= ;
M :
/3;
V= 3/;
d = .
: , (5) (6) . 1.
3.
dxσ = 50x2 , L = 100 , w = 1,5 / t = 80 ºC, ( ρ = 0,8, ν = 1x10-6 ²/), .
: :
dxσ = 50x2 L=100
w=1,5 / P= hx ρ xq (12)
t = 80oC 353K
= 0,8 (13)
ν= 1x 10-6 ²/
- λ
E
P -?.
E = ; (14)
k
k=0,08 [4.157]
E = = 0,0016
Ex = 1,6
Re =
d = 50 2x² = 46 = 0,046
Re = = 69000 = 6,9 *
6-14 [4.156] λ = 0,039
h = 0,039 x x = 9, 72...
|
|
a=0,00076 [6.21]
4.
, ρ = 900 ρ1 = 0,1 ; ρ2=3 , Hr = 25, h = 50 . . . , .
: ρ = 900 ρ1 = 0,1 ρ2 = 3,0 Hr = 25 h = 50. . . | : , : H = Hr + + h (15) H = 25 + |
-? |
5.
Q, , : = 0,6, =200 , L = 500 , ( ) n = 60 .
: η = 0,6 = 200 = 0,2 L = 500 = 0,5 n = 60 | : : (16) [4.209] |
Q -? |
F- , 2
: (16), ()
6.
(/) (/)
: | : : = , (18) [2.22] |
-? |
7.
. : ; , , w=1 /, D*=108*34, d*=57*2.
=0,75 tp=100 C W=1 / *6=108*4 D*6=57*2 =0,36* / | : =Nu* (19) [4.384] Nu (/) . 6. |
L-? |
(18)
d
d= - dH = (108-4*2) - 57 = 43 = 0,043
Nu Re, Pr
Re = = 119444 > 10 000
Re > 100 000
Nu = 0,023* * [4.389]
Pr = (20)
C = 2342 / ( . 6)
= 100 + 273 =373
. (5) (6) 1.
=0,75-0,0008(373-293)=0,636
=
Nu = * =456 = Nu =1591 /
8.
Q(), F(2) G(/) =0,12, q=20/ t1=20 C t2=50 =120/2. ( - )
: :
q=20 /
t1=20 C Q=qc(t2-t1), (21)
t2 =50 C
K=120/2
. =0,2704, 19=1, 13 / [4.822]
=0,12
___________ Q=20x1,13(50-20)=678
Q -? F -?
F= ; 2 (21)
tcp
=0,12 t=105 C [4.821]
t1=105 C . t2=105 C
---------------------
|
|
t2=50 C t1=20 C
◄--------------------
= = 1,5<2,
tcp= = = 70 (23)
F = 81 2
: , ∆ tcp, > 2, tcp = ;
tcp .[1.120-124]
9.
Q() q (/) G = 20 /c t1=180C t2=30C.
, , t1 =20C t2=45C. 0,9
: :
G=20 /c 1.
t1=180 C Q=G( ), (25)
t2=80 , [5.328]
= 180 + 273 = 453K -> = 378/
t1=20 C = 80+273=353K -> = 154/
t2=45 C Q = 20 (378-154)= 4480
Q -? q -?
2.
Q = qc (t2 t1), (26)
, /
= 4, 19/ [8.520]
Q = = =42,8 /c
: I=ct (27), (17) . 6.
2
2
200,233,227,250,268 | 202,217,244,264,269 | ||
201,234,228,251,269 | 203,218,245,265,270 | ||
202,235,229,252,270 | 204,219,246,266,271 | ||
203,236,230,253,271 | 205,220,247,267,272 | ||
204,237,231,254,272 | 206,221,248,250,273 | ||
205,238,232,255,273 | 207,211,249,251,274 | ||
206,239,227,256,274 | 208,212,227,252,275 | ||
207,240,228,257,275 | 209,213,228,253,276 | ||
208,241,229,258,276 | 210,214,229,254,277 | ||
209,220,230,259,277 | 222,215,230,255,278 | ||
210,221,231,260,278 | 223,216,231,256,279 | ||
222,211,232,261,279 | 224,217,232,257,280 | ||
223,212,242,262,280 | 225,218,242,258,281 | ||
224,213,243,263,281 | 226,219,243,259,282 | ||
225,214,244,264,282 | 200,220,244,260,283 | ||
226,215,245,265,283 | 201,221,245,261,284 | ||
200,216,246,266,285 | 202,211,246,262,285 | ||
201,217,247,267,286 | 203,212,247,263,286 | ||
202,218,248,250,287 | 204,213,248,264,287 | ||
203,219,249,251,288 | 205,214,249,265,288 | ||
204,220,242,252,289 | 206,215,228,266,289 | ||
205,221,243,253,290 | 207,216,229,267,290 | ||
206,211,244,254,291 | 208,217,230,250,291 | ||
207,212,245,255,292 | 209,218,231,251,292 | ||
208,213,246,256,293 | 210,219,232,252,293 | ||
209,214,247,257,294 | 222,220,242,253,294 | ||
210,215,248,258,295 | 223,221,243,254,295 | ||
222,216,249,259,296 | 224,211,244,255,296 | ||
223,217,228,260,297 | 225,212,245,256,297 | ||
224,218,245,261,298 | 226,213,247,257,298 | ||
225,219,246,262,299 | 200,214,248,258,299 | ||
226,220,247,263,300 | 201,215,249,259,300 | ||
200,221,248,264,301 | 202,216,242,260,301 | ||
201,211,249,265,302 | 203,217,243,261,302 | ||
202,212,227,266,303 | 204,218,244,262,303 | ||
203,213,228,267,304 | 205,219,245,263,304 | ||
204,214,229,250,305 | 206,220,246,264,305 | ||
205,215,230,251,306 | 207,221,247,265,306 | ||
206,216,231,252,307 | 208,211,248,266,307 | ||
207,217,232,253,308 | 209,212,249,267,308 | ||
208,218,242,254,309 | 210,233,227,250,309 | ||
209,219,243,255,310 | 222,234,228,251,310 | ||
210,220,244,256,311 | 223,235,229,252,311 | ||
222,221,245,257,312 | 224,236,230,253,312 | ||
223,211,246,258,313 | 225,237,231,254,313 | ||
224,212,247,259,314 | 226,238,232,255,314 | ||
225,213,248,260,315 | 200,219,245,256,315 | ||
226,214,249,261,316 | 201,220,246,257,316 | ||
200,215,242,262,317 | 202,221,247,258,317 | ||
201,216,243,263,268 | 203,211,248,259,268 |
N 2
|
|
200. ?
. ?
201. ?
. ?
202 . . . . .
203 . . . .
204 .
205 ?
206 . " , (" , , )
207 . . . - . . .
208. . .
209. . - --0
210. ? ?
211. ? . .
212. ( ). , ? ?
213. .
214. ? .
215. ? .
216. ? , ( )
217. ?
218. ?
219. ? .
220. ? ?
221. . .
222. . . .
223 .
?
224 . . , .
225 .
226 , . . .
|
|
227 , , .
228 , , .
229 , S- , .
230 , , .
231 , , .
232 , , .
233 ?
234 . .
235 . .
236 . . .
NN 250-258
( N 10)
Xi | Mi | Xi | Mi | Xi | Mi | Xi | Mi | Xi | Mi | Xi | Mi | Xi | Mi | Xi | Mi | Xi | Mi |
0,326 | 0,32 | 0,31 | 0,3 | 0,2 | 0,25 | 0,13 | 0,15 | 0,21 | |||||||||
0,212 | 0,21 | 0,19 | 0,4 | 0,3 | 0,27 | 0,14 | 0,18 | 0,31 | |||||||||
0,347 | 0,35 | 0,32 | 0,2 | 0,3 | 0,23 | 0,2 | 0,33 | 0,27 | |||||||||
0,115 | 0,12 | 0,18 | 0,1 | 0,2 | 0,25 | 0,53 | 0,34 | 0,21 |
(xi) (), (Xi) (Mi) .
NN 259-267
[ N 11]
(Xi) (M) , (qi) (Mi) .
q1 | m1 | q1 | m1 | q1 | m1 | q1 | m1 | q1 | m1 | q1 | m1 | q1 | m1 | q1 | m1 | q1 | m1 |
NN 268-275
[ N 12]
, (), yi.
1,0 | 0,8 | ||||||||||||||
yi | yi | yi | yi | yi | yi | yi | yi | ||||||||
CH4 | 0,3 | C2H6 | 0,4 | CH4 | 0,1 | C2H6 | 0,5 | CH4 | 0,1 | C2H6 | 0,2 | C4H10 | 0,3 | C4H10 | 0,2 |
C2H6 | 0,2 | C3H8 | 0,2 | C2H6 | 0,2 | C3H8 | 0,1 | C2H6 | 0,3 | C3H8 | 0,3 | C5H12 | 0,3 | C5H12 | 0,2 |
C3H8 | 0,3 | C4H10 | 0,3 | C3H8 | 0,4 | C4H10 | 0,2 | C3H8 | 0,3 | C4H10 | 0,3 | C6H14 | 0,3 | C6H14 | 0,3 |
C4H10 | 0,2 | C5H12 | 0,1 | C4H10 | 0,3 | C5H12 | 0,2 | C4H10 | 0,3 | C5H12 | 0,2 | C7H16 | 0,1 | C7H16 | 0,3 |
276-283
[ 13]
, () xi
=1,0 | =0,8 | =0,9 | =0,7 | 1,2 | =1,0 | =0,9 | ||
xi | xi | xi | Xi | xi | xi | xi | xi | |
30-80 C | 0,4 | 0,4 | 0,2 | 0.3 | 0,2 | 0,4 | 0,3 | 0,2 |
30-120 C | 0,2 | 0,2 | 0,3 | 0,3 | 0,1 | 0,2 | 0,3 | 0,3 |
120-140 C | 0,2 | 0,2 | 0,2 | 0,3 | 0,3 | 0,3 | 0,2 | 0,4 |
140-160 C | 0,2 | 0,2 | 0,3 | 0,1 | 0,4 | 0,1 | 0,2 | 0,1 |
284-297
[ 14]
, , L, ( , q, R).
:
, %
85C | ||||||||||||||||
5,9 | 8,3 | 10,9 | 15,1 | 16,7 | 21,8 | 25,1 | 31,0 | 34,5 | 37,3 | 40,7 | 44,0 | 49,0 |
|
|
6
L | -240 C | -350 C | 180-350 | -180 C | 100-400 C | 350-500 C | 350-500 C |
D | -140 C | -130 C | 180-240 C | -85 C | 100-200 C | 350-400 C | 350-380 C |
R | 180-240C | 240--350 C | 240-350 C | 140-180 C | 300-400 C | 400-500 C | 420-500 C |
q | 140-180C | 180-250 C | 85-140 C | 200-300 C | 380-420 C |
L | 60-180 C | 60-180 C | 120-240 | 120-240 C | 100-300 C | 100-300 C | 240-350 C |
D | 60-35 C | 60-140 C | 120-140 C | 120-180 C | 100-200 C | 100-180 C | 240-300 C |
R | 120-180C | 140--180 C | 200-240 C | 180-240 C | 200-300 C | 240-300 C | 300-350 C |
q | 75-120C | 140-200 C | 180-240 C |
298-307
( 15)
, G, (/) G, (/) M, , (), t () W (/)
G | ||||||||||
G | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
M | ||||||||||
0,45 | 0,5 | 0,55 | 0,15 | 0,16 | 0,20 | 0,14 | 0,2 | 0,3 | 0,4 | |
t | ||||||||||
W | 0,4 | 0,6 | 0,8 | 0,4 | 0,6 | 0,7 | 0,7 | 0,5 | 0,3 | 0,2 |
308-317
( 16)
, (), t (),
0,45 | 0,5 | 0,55 | 0,15 | 0,16 | 0,20 | 0,14 | 0,2 | 0,3 | 0,4 | |
t | ||||||||||
M | ||||||||||
0,6 | 0,7 | 0,65 | 0,6 | 0,7 | 0,65 | 0,72 | 0,7 | 0,6 | 0,65 | |
C |
10. (xi) (), (xi) (Mi)
xi | Mi | Xi/Mi | xi |
0,3 | 0,003 | 0,366 | |
0,25 | 0,0021 | 0,256 | |
0,28 | 0,002 | 0,244 | |
0,17 | 0,0011 | 0,134 | |
1,00 | - | 0,0082 | 1,000 |
: [2.172] (28)
[2.172] (29)
11. (xi) (), (qi) (Mi) .
qi | Mi | xi | Ni |
0.05 | 0.4 | ||
0.20 | 0.89 | ||
0.25 | 0.83 | ||
0.5 | 1.48 | ||
1.00 | 3.55 |
1.
[2.171] (30)
2. :
= (30)
:
Ni = [2.171] (31)
, 10.
12. , =1,2 yi
yi | Ki t20 | xi | Ki t=-10 | xi | Ki t=0 | Xi | |
CH4 | 0,4 | 0,024 | 12,5 | 0,032 | 14,5 | 0,028 | |
C2H6 | 0,2 | 3,65 | 0,055 | 1,99 | 0,101 | 2,45 | 0,82 |
C3H8 | 0,3 | 1,25 | 0,240 | 0,51 | 0,588 | 0,72 | 0,417 |
C4H10 | 0,41 | 0,244/ /0,563 1 | 0,14 | 0,714/ /1,435 1 | 0,21 | 0,476/ /1,003 |
. ,
[2.201] (32)
. :
(33)
- [7.223]
1) , .. 0 xi=1,003
( xi=1,02; 0,98)
2)
; (34)
i
[7.220.221]
, .
13. ,
R =0,21 xi.
xi | tcp | Pi t=150 | Ki | yi t=150 | Pi t=180 | Ki | yi t=180 | Pi t=170 | Ki | yi t=170 | |
120-150 | 0,4 | 0,23 | 1,09 | 0,436 | 0,42 | 2,0 | 0,8 | 0,35 | 1,67 | 0,668 | |
150-170 | 0,3 | 0,09 | 0,43 | 0,129 | 0,25 | 1,19 | 0,357 | 0,16 | 0,76 | 0,228 | |
170-190 | 0,2 | 0,05 | 0,24 | 0,043 | 0,1 | 0,48 | 0,096 | 0,08 | 0,38 | 0,076 | |
190-210 | 0,1/ /1,000 | 0,03 | 0,14 | 0,014 /0,627 | 0,08 | 0,38 | 0,038 /1,291 | 0,052 | 0,25 | 0,025 /0,997 |
. , : yi = ki xi [2.201] (34) . :
yi = 1 (35),
i - , [7.222].
ki = (36)
Pi . [7.220.221]
t =
120-150 t = = 135
tR = 150 C.
tR = 150 C.
. 120-150 , tp = 135 C
P Pi = 2, =0,23
Pi=2,3
1
t
150 135
. 120-150
yi = Ki xi (37)
yi . 120-150
yi = 1,09 x 0,4 = 0,436
yi=0, 436+0, 129+0, 048+0, 014=0, 627, <1
tR
tR=180 C yi=1, 291, >1
tR=170 C, yi=0,997, 1
, tR=170 C
: .
14. , , L-.120-240 :
() - .120-140 , (q) .140-180
(R)- .180-240 .
.
1
85 | |||||||||
4,9 | 6,6 | 9,6 | 12,3 | 14,0 | 18,4 | 21,2 | 27,0 | 30,0 | 36,9 |
|
1) 1
2) 2. 3.
320.
. 120-240 - (27 - 9) = 18%
:
2
% | % | / | / | |
. 120-240 . 120-140 . 140-180 . 180-240 | 22,2 33,3 44,5 | 70312,5 15609,38 23414,06 31289,06 | 19,53 4,33 6,50 8,70 | |
: | 70312,5 | 19,53 |
18 100% 4 x |
70312,5 100% x 22,2 |
15. , G=10 /, G=0,5 /, M=70, =0,2 , t=120 W=0,8 /.
: G=10 / G=0,5 / M=70 =0,2 t=120 W=0,8 / | : |
-? |
=2,2 | [6,241] |
16. , =0,3 , t=100 C, M=60 ( C=550).
: =0,3 T=100 C M=60 |
W -? |
: W= * ;/ T=100+273=373K = -a(T-293)= =0,7-0,0009(373-293)=0,628 =0,0009 [6,21] |