. , , , . * ( ) , .. .
. .
10. . , .
20. , , , (), . . , .. .
30. . .
40. , . .
. , . , , , , . , , . , d 2 10 . d , , .
d . , d , d , d > d.
. . ( , ) , * . * *. D = | *| d = D / | a | . , D d . .
. , , .. , . , . , . e , , e.
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* : * = anan1 a0. b1 b2 bm. * , .
1.1. * = 0.0 103 * = 0.0 103000 . 3, 6 .
, , .
. , , , .
1.2. = 1.0000; * = 0.9999. D = 0.0001, .., , * , .
, . , , . .
, , , . , , , .
. . * b* b.
1.1. , ..
D(a* b*) £ D(a*) + D(b*).
. .
1.2. b .
d(a* + b*) £ dmax; d(a* b*) £ mdmax,
dmax = max { d(a*), d(b*) }; m = |a + b| / |a b|.
, . m > 1 . , b , |a + b| >> |a b|, m >> 1 .
1.3. = 1/1490 7- ( 3- ) y = a b = cos x cos 2x. a* = 0.9999998, b* = 0.9999991. , y* = 7 ´ 10 7 = 0.0000007. 7 , d(a*) d(b*) 0.00001%, 1 , .. d(*)14.8%.
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, . 7 * = 6.756451 ´ 10 7.
, , b .
. , , . , . .
. , . , , - .
, . . , ( ). * = fl(x). : 5, , , . : d(*) = e = 2t, t . e ; , . . :
e1:= 1.0;
repeat e1:= e1 / 2.0;
until + e1 = ;
epsilon:= 2*e1;
, .
, , , 0.1 0.01, , , , . . .
1.4.
var x, b, s, h, s1, y: real;
i, n: integer;
begin
x:= 0; s:= 0; b:= 10.7; h:= 0.01;
repeat s:= s + 1/(x b);
x:= x + h;
until x >= b;
writeln('x = ',x,' s= ',s:10);
n:= round(b/h); s1:= 0;
for i:= 0 to n do
begin y:= i*h; s1:= s1 + 1/(y b);
end;
writeln;
writeln('n= ',n,' y= ',y,' s1= ',s1:10);
readln;
end.
[0, b] c h = 0.01 b = 10.7, . , .. x:= x + h. , , * 10.7 * 10.71. y:= i*h, * 10.7, .. . s s1 . (. 6).
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, , , . , if x = b then , , . 1.4. , * * b, b. , , if abs(x b) <= eps then, eps , . , eps:= 1.0e6. , .
1. PASCAL = 1. , .
2. R = 1, R* D = 0.1. ?
3. , - .
4. 1.4
5. 1.4.
z:= 0; s2:= 0; b:= 10.7; h:= 0.01;
repeat s2:= s2 + 1/(z - b);
z:= z + h;
until z = b;
writeln('z = ',z,' s2= ',s2:10);
.
6. f(x) [, b] c h. , y:= i*h 1.4. , , n [, b], 1 = , xn = b.