Text: I.P. Pavlov and his investigation
PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 1. Read and memorize:
| a) remarkable b) generation c) to injure d) undergo e) award f) gastric g) investigate h) circumstances i) ultimately j) involuntary k) choleric l) sanguine m) update n) impetuous o) equilibrated p) vivisection | [rɪˈmɑːkəbl̩] [ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn̩] [tu ˈɪndʒə] [ˌʌndəˈɡəʊ] [əˈwɔːd] [ˈɡæstrɪk] [ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt] [ˈsɜːkəmstənsɪz] [ˈʌltɪmətli] [ɪnˈvɒləntri] [ˈkɒlərɪk] [ˈsæŋɡwɪn] [ˌʌpˈdeɪt] [ɪmˈpetʃʊəs] [equilibrated] [ˌvɪvɪˈsekʃn̩] | , , |
Exercise 2. Form antonyms of the following words using either prefix non- or mis-.
Delivery, information, acceptance, management, profit, to understand, standart, to lead, stop, smoking, to interpret, to calculate.
Exercise 3. Read and translate the word combinations into your native language:
Russian physiologist, to devote the life to, remarkable discoveries, from generation to generation, to win the Nobel Prize, the eldest, to attend and graduate from, to enter the local theological seminary, research project on, the gifted young physiologist, to investigate the gastric function, to tend to salivate, psychic secretion, to conduct chronic experiments, to go through vivisection, work on reflex actions, to die of, to create unique evidence, until his very last moment.
Exercise 4. Read and translate the text:
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian physiologist. Ivan Pavlov devoted his life to the study of physiology and sciences, making several remarkable discoveries and ideas that were passed on from generation to generation. He won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904.
Ivan Pavlov, the eldest of eleven children, was born in Ryazan. Although able to read by the age of 7, Pavlov was seriously injured when he fell from a high wall onto stone pavement; he did not undergo formal schooling until he was 11 years old as a result of his injuries.
Pavlov attended and graduated from the Ryazan Church School before entering the local theological seminary. However, in 1870, Pavlov left the seminary without graduating to attend the university at St. Petersburg. In his fourth year, his first research project on the physiology of the nerves of the pancreas won him a prestigious university award.
He decided to continue his studies and proceeded to the Academy of Medical Surgery. In 1878, Professor S.P. Botkin, a famous Russian clinician, invited the gifted young physiologist to work in the physiological laboratory as the clinic's chief. In 1879, Pavlov graduated from the Medical Military Academy with a gold medal award for his research work.
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Pavlov investigated the gastric function of dogs, and later children. He noticed that the dogs tended to salivate before food was actually delivered to their mouths, and set out to investigate this "psychic secretion", as he called it Pavlov was interested in observing their long-term physiological processes. This required keeping them alive and healthy in order to conduct chronic experiments, as he called them. These were experiments over time, designed to understand the normal functions of animals. This was a new kind of study, because previously experiments had been acute, meaning that the dog went through vivisection and was ultimately killed in the process.
Further work on reflex actions involved involuntary reactions to stress and pain. Pavlov extended the definitions of the four temperament types under study at the time: phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine, and melancholic, updating the names to "the strong and impetuous type, the strong equilibrated and quiet type, the strong equilibrated and lively type, and the weak type."
Conscious until his very last moment, Pavlov asked one of his students to sit beside his bed and to record the circumstances of his dying. He wanted to create unique evidence of subjective experiences of this terminal phase of life. Pavlov died of double pneumonia at the age of 86. He was given a grandiose funeral, and his study and laboratory were preserved as a museum in his honour.
POST-TEXT ASSIGMENTS
Exercise 5. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What is Pavlov?
2. What is he famous for?
3. Why didnt Pavlov go to school until the age of 11?
4. What higher educational establishments did he gradute from?
5. What did Pavlov investigate?
6. What experiments did Pavlovs patients go through?
7. How did he extend the definitions of four temperament types?
8. When did Pavlov win the Nobel Prize?
9. Why did Pavlov ask his student to record the circumstances of his dying?
10. What did he die of?
