- , .
.
= 11 + 22 +... +cjxj+... + nn (3.1)
a11 x1 + a12x2 +... + a1jxj +... + a1nxn = b1,
a21 x1 + a22x2 +... + a2jxj +... + a2nxn = b2,
........ (3.2)
a i1 x1+ a i2x2 +... + aijxj +... + a inxn = bi,
........
am1 x1 + am2x2 +...+ amjxj +...+ amn xn = bm,
xj ≥ 0, j = 1, n (3.3)
aij, bi cj - .
: x1, x2,..., xn, (3.2), (3.3) () (3.1).
(). (3.2) bi . (3.1) .
, . , , , , .
:
) , , , - , . x j j‑ , aij i- , j- , bi i- ;
) , , , . - , () . x j j- , aij i- j- , bi i- ;
.
1951 . . , (Koopmans). , () .
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( , , ) 30- (..). 1955-1965 . , .
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(6.01.1912-1986), , , 1975 . .
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(3.1) (3.2), (3.3) . : = cj x j
aij x j = bi, i = 1,m (3.4)
x j ³0 j = 1,n.
, (3.1¸3.3) (3.4), .
. = ѷ A1 x1 + A2 x 2 +... + An x n = , X ³ 0, (3.5)
X = (1, 2,..., xn), C = (1, c2,..., n) -, , , , ѷ - ,
a11 a12 a1n b1
A1 = a21 A2 = a22 An = a2n B = b2
............
am1 am2 amn bm
, , .
. = ѷ AX = , ³ , (3.6)
= {ij} - m x n; = (1, 2,..., cn) - ,
x1 b1
x2 b2
=. - - B =. - -. . xn bm .
,
(3.2), . :
= cj x j
aij x j ≥ bi, i = 1, m
aij x j ≤ bi, i = 1, m (3.7)
x j ³ 0 j = 1, n. (3.8)
, ( , j ³ 0, j =1,n), , , , . , .
, . , n , zi ≥ 0 ( x n+i ≥ 0), . , (³ £).
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, a i1 x 1+ a i2 x 2 +... + aij x j +... + a in x n £ bi,
zi ³ 0
a i1 x 1+ a i2 x 2 +... + aij x j +... + a in x n + zi = bi,
a i1 x 1+ a i2 x 2 +... + aij x j +... + a in x n ³ bi, zi ³ 0,
a i1 x 1+ a i2 x 2 +... + aij x j +... + a in x n - zi = bi,
, n+m : aij x j + z i = bi, i = 1,m
aij x j - zi = bi, i = 1,m (3.9)
x j ³ 0, zi ³ 0 (3.10) :
3.1. X* = (x*1, x*2,..., x*n) (3.7) (3.8) Y* = (x*1, x*2,..., x*n, z*1,..., z*m) (3.9) (3.10) , , Y* (3.9) (3.10) * (3.7) (3.8).
, = {aij}, (i =1, m; j =1, n,) , , R , , R < n. , (3.2) m , , R = m. , , m < n.
m m n (m < n) ( ), . r = n- m ( ).
, - - (). -. , , , , . , , , . , .