( ).
- Z in = R in ( V − )
- ,
( Rf Rin), ( ) , , - .
Rin = 0, -. : 
, KA - . : 
( , )
-
( : 1 M 10 T)
- ,
( R1 R2), ( ) V in , , - .
, .
- ( : 1 M 10 T)
( )
( ) . , .
-
,
-
,
- n - Z n = R n ( V − )
Integrating amplifier
() .
V in V out , V initial t = 0.
- .
Differentiating amplifier
: (. )
() .
V in V out .
- .
Comparator
, .
V S + ;
V S − .
Instrumentation amplifier
, (. instrumentation(al) amplifier), , , , .
|
|
|
- .
- ( , ) .
.
- .
:
(. Negative impedance converter) .
Super diode
: Precision rectifier
, R L.
- . , , .
Peak detector
. , .
.
Logarithmic configuration
- v in v out :
I S - .
- , , , ( , , ) :
I D - , . , :
, :
, V out , .
, , .
