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, , - . :

- , / ;

- () / ;

- , , , /.

( ), . . , ? ++ ߹ , :

Namespace <__ ()> { ߹ }

, :

using namespace:: <__>;

. ++ :

using namespace::std;

. 8 .

8

#include <vcl.h>

#include <iostream>

#include <conio.h>

namespace F {

float x = 9;

}

namespace G {

using namespace F; /* G F, : INNER_G */

float y = 2.0;

namespace INNER_G {

float z = 10.01;

}

} // G

int main() {

using namespace G; /* ߹ , G */

using namespace G::INNER_G; /* ߹ , INNER_G */

float x = 19.1; //

std::cout << "x = " << x << std::endl;

std::cout << "y = " << y << std::endl; // y F

std::cout << "z = " << z << std::endl; /* z INNER_G */

getch();

return 0;

}

:

x = 19.1

y = 2

z = 10.01

std::cout . . , ' cout std.

fstream

, , (, , ) , .

():

- open () - ;

- close () - ;

- is_open () - , true, - false;

- rdbuf () - /.

open ():

open (char * file_name, open_mode);

file_name - ' , open_mode - .

:

enum open_mode {app, binary, in, out, trunc, ate};

ios, fstream, , -: ios:: app, ios:: binary . .

:

- app - ;

- binary - ( );

- in - ;

- out - . , ;

- trunc - , ( );

- ate - .

(||), .

fstream ( 9).

. . 2.

9

#include <vcl.h>

#include<fstream>

#include<iostream>

#include <conio.h>

#include <stdio.h>

void main() {

using namespace std; /* . (- ) ' () */

fstream inout;

inout.open ("fstream.out", ios_base:: in | ios_base:: out |

ios_base:: trunc);

//

inout << "This is the story1 of a man" << endl;

inout << "This is the story2 of a man" << endl;

inout << "This is the story3 of a man" << endl;

char p [100];

// () inout.seekg (0);

// 1- ( 100 )

inout.getline (p, 100);

// 1- (stdout)

cout << endl << "String1:" << endl;

cout << p;

// ' 1-

fstream:: pos_type pos = inout.tellg ();

// 2-

inout.getline (p, 100);

// 2- (stdout)

cout << endl << "String2:" << endl;

cout << p;

// 3-

inout.getline (p, 100);

// 3- (stdout)

cout << endl << "String3:" << endl;

cout << p;

// 2-

inout.seekp (pos);

// 2-

inout << "This is the story2 of a man" << endl;

// 3-

inout << "This is the story3 of a man" << endl;

//

inout.seekg (0);

// (stdout)

cout << endl << endl << inout.rdbuf ();

inout.close ();

system ("DEL FSTREAM.OUT");

getch ();

}

. 2. 9

ofstream

ofstream () :

r open () - ;

r is_open () - true, , false - ;

r put () - ;

r write () - ;

r skeep () -

;

r tellp () - ;

r close () - ;

r rdbuf () - ( , ' ).

10 ofstream.

10

ofstream FILE; /* FILE ofstream

( ) */

FILE.open ("a.txt"); //

if (FILE == NULL) return (0); //

for (int i = 0; i <2; i + +)

FILE << "string" << i << endl; //

FILE.close (); //

ifstream

ifstream () :

- open () - ;

- is_open () - true, , false - ;

- get () - ;

- read () - ;

- eof () - , ;

- peek () - , ( );

- seekg () -

;

- tellg () - ;

- close () - ;

- rdbuf () - ( , ' ).

11.

11

ifstream FILE; /* FILE ifstream ( ) */

char p [100];

FILE.open ("a.txt"); //

if (FILE == NULL) return (0); //

while (! FILE.eof ()) // {

FILE >> p; //

cout << p << endl; //

}

FILE.close (); //

/ ( 12).

12

# Include <vcl.h>

# Include <iostream>

# Include <fstream>

# Include <conio.h>

# Define DelKey 's' / /

# Define maxline 1000

// ------------------------------------------------ -------------------- # pragma argsused

int main (int argc, char * argv []) {

using namespace std; //

//

ofstream FILE;

FILE.open ("c: \\ a.txt", ios:: out);

char p [maxline];

int i, pos;

for (i = 0; i <2; i + +)

FILE << "string" << i; /* "<< endl" , , */

FILE.close ();

// ( )

ifstream FILE1;

FILE1.open ("c: \ \ a.txt");

FILE1.seekg (0); /* ( , seekg ()) */

if (FILE1 == NULL) / /

return (0);

while (! FILE1.eof ()) // {

FILE1 >> p >> i;

cout << p << i << endl;

}

FILE1.close ();

getch ();

//

ifstream FILE2;

char c;

FILE2.open ("c: \ \ a.txt");

if (FILE2 == NULL) //

return (0);

while (! FILE2.eof ()) // {

c = FILE2.peek (); /* , : */

streampos cgp = FILE2.tellg (); /* */

if (c == DelKey) /* DelKey */ {

pos = cgp + 1; // seekg ()

FILE2.seekg (pos); /* , */

continue; //

}

FILE2.get (c); //

cout << c;

} // While

cout << endl;

FILE2.close ();

getch ();

system ("DEL C: \ \ A.TXT"); //

} // Main ()

, , 򴹻 . 13.

13

# include <vcl.h>

# include <iostream> / / cin, cout

# include <fstream>

# include <conio.h>

# include <stdio.h>

void main () {

using namespace std; //

/* */

struct Blocknotes {

char name [30];

char phone [15];

int age;

} B [2] = {

"

}; //

//

ofstream FILE;

FILE.open ("Block", ios:: binary);

for (int i = 0; i <2; i++)

FILE.write ((char *) & b [i], sizeof (b [i]));

FILE.close ();

//

ifstream FILE1;

FILE1.open ("Block", ios:: binary);

Blocknotes bb [2];

int i = 0;

while (! FILE1.eof ()) {

if (i == 2)

goto m;

FILE1.read ((char *) & bb [i], sizeof (bb [i]));

cout << "string" << i << "" << bb [i]. name << ""

<< Bb [i]. Phone << "" << bb [i]. Age << endl;

i++;

}

m:

FILE1.close ();

system ("DEL BLOCK");

getch ();

}

:

-

FILE.write((char *)&b[i], sizeof(b[i]));

write (), , . , & b [i]. , char ( ). - . sizeof ();

- system ("DEL BLOCK") ;

- goto bb [].

. 3.

 

. 3. 13

/ ++

/ /. / << >>. , istream, ostream, , '- cout ( ), cin ( ) err ( ). - ++ () - (cin), - (cout cerr). ' stdin, stdout, stderr. / , , , : cin, cout. , <<, >> . , , / . , :

cout << i;

i , i .

:

cin >> i >> j >> s;

i, j, s int, float, char. , ( <Enter>) .

cout

' cout ߹ -, ' ' stdout, stdio.h. ++ .

- . . 4.

, "no" (noshowpos . .) , "no". "" .

4. / ++

-
showpos setf (ios:: showpos)
noshowpos unsetf (ios:: showpos) -
showbase setf (ios:: showbase)
noshowbase unsetf (ios:: showbase) -
uppercase setf (ios:: uppercase)
nouppercase unsetf (ios:: uppercase) -
showpoint setf (ios:: showpoint) ( )
noshowpoint unsetf (ios:: showpoint) -
boolalpha setf (ios:: boolalpha)
noboolalpha unsetf (ios:: boolalpha) -
unitbuf setf (ios:: unitbuf)
nounitbuf unsetf (ios:: unitbuf) -
internal setf (ios:: internal, ios:: adjustfield) - ( ). ,
left setf (ios:: left, ios:: adjustfield) - ( )
right setf (ios:: right, ios:: adjustfield) - ( )
dec setf (ios:: dec, ios:: basefield) ( )
hex setf (ios:: hex, ios:: basefield) ( )
oct setf (ios:: oct, ios:: basefield) ( )
fixed setf (ios:: fixed, ios:: floatfield)
scientific setf (ios:: scientific, ios:: floatfield) , : , 23450000 : 23.45e6
  setbase (int base) base, base 8, 10 16
fill (c) setfill (char_type c)
precision (n) setprecision (int n) ( )
setw (int n) width (n) ( )
endl   ߹ ('\n')
ends   ߹ '\0'
flush flush () ws

:

- precision () - 6;

- width () - 0;

- fill () - .

' cout ( 14).

. . 4.

14

// cout example

# Include <vcl.h>

# Include <iostream>

# Include <iomanip> //

# Include <conio.h>

void main () {

using namespace std;

int i;

float f;

cout << "Enter i and f>" << endl;

// stdin

cin >> i >> f;

//

cout << i << endl;

//

cout << f << endl;

//

cout << hex << i << endl;

//

cout << oct << i << dec << i << endl;

// i

cout << showpos << i << endl;

// i

cout << setbase (16) << i << endl;

/* i @ 20 ( ). 45, , 45 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ */

cout << setfill ('@') << setw (20) << left << dec << i;

cout << endl;

// ,

//

cout.fill ('@');

cout.width (20);

cout.setf (ios:: left, ios:: adjustfield);

cout.setf (ios:: dec, ios:: basefield);

cout << i << endl;

// f - 10

cout << scientific << setprecision (10) << f << endl;

// 6

cout.precision (6);

// f

cout << f << fixed << endl;

getch ();

}

. 4. 14

cin

' ( ) cin ߹ , ' ' stdin, stdio.h. ++ . , cout. , dec, hex, oct, ws .

' cin 15.

15

// Cin example # 1

# include <vcl.h>

# include <fstream>

# include <iostream>

# include <conio.h>

void main () {

using namespace std;

int i;

float f;

char c;

// , stdin

cout << "Enter i, f, c and then input the string>" << endl;

cin >> i >> f >> c;

// i, f c stdout

cout << i << endl << f << endl << c << endl;

//

// Cin example # 2

//

char p [50];

//

cin >> ws >> p;

cout << p << endl;

// stdin, <Enter>

// 49

cin.seekg (0);

cin.getline (p, 50);

// stdout

cout << p << endl;

getch ();

}

. 5.

 

. 5. 15





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