1) Who a variety of theories that explain criminal behaviour proposed? 2) What theory that criminal proposed behaviour is learned behaviour? 3) What this theory does mean? 4) What theory that criminality is a result of the offender's inability to attain by socially acceptable means the goals that society expects of him suggested? 5) What a condition of instability might result from? 6) What when a social system is in a state of anomie happens? 7) What such a society produce in many of its members might? 8) Why is considered striving useless? 9) What theory the links between the offender and his social group emphasizes? 10) What this does theory run about? 11) What theory criminality as a product of the reaction of society to the portrays individual? 12) What this theory assume does? 13) Through what process the offender does become more socialized into criminal behaviour? 14) Who cast by society into the role of a is criminal?
► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) Biology is the scientific study of societies and the behaviour of people. 2) Amateurs have proposed a lot of theories that explain criminal behaviour. 3) Differential association theory proposes nothing new. 4) The more the individual is exposed to contact with persons whose own behaviour is unlawful, the less likely he is to learn and adopt their values as the basis for his own behaviour. 5) The theory of anomie speaks of the offender's inability to attain his goals. 6) Common values and common meanings are no longer understood or accepted by the offender. 7) A sense of failure, lack of balance, and emotional insanity characterize anomalous society. 8) Striving is considered useful, because it is clear what is desirable.
► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
1) Control theory the links between the offender and his social group emphasizes. 2) The ability depends of the individual to resist the inclination to commit crime on the strength of his attachment to parents and his commitment to orthodox moral values. 3) To commit crime be an easy way to satisfy a particular desire may. 4) Labeling theory criminality as a product of the reaction of society to the individual portrays. 5) Law-abiding persons the offender reject. 6) Other delinquents the offender accept. 7) The offender socialized into criminal behaviour patterns becomes. 8) The offender estranged from law-abiding behaviour becomes. 9) The offender to see himself cast by society into the role of a criminal comes.
► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.
Неуравновешенность; эмоциональное расстройство; сознание неудачи; социология; социологический; социолог; отличительный; связь; подвергать; перенимать; достигнуть; психологический; тщетность; стремления; противостоять; склонность; привязанность; обязательство; общепринятый; предполагать; уголовное судопроизводство; приобретать; личность преступника; непринятие; правонарушитель; отдалять; аномальный; умопомешательство; подготавливать к жизни в; приемлемый.
► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.
1) Sociology is... 2) Sociologists have proposed... 3) Differential association theory proposes... 4) The more the individual is exposed to... 5) The theory of anomie suggests... 6) Anomy in societies is... 7) Anomy in individuals is... 8) When a social system is in a state of anomie... common values and common meanings are no longer understood or accepted. 9) Anomalous society produces... 10) Striving is considered... 11) Control theory emphasizes... 12) The ability of the individual to resist the inclination to commit crime depends on... 13) To commit crime may be... 14) Labeling theory portrays... 15) Labeling theory assumes... 16) Law-abiding persons reject... 17) Other delinquents accept... 18) The offender becomes socialized into... 19) The offender becomes estranged from... 20) The offender comes to see himself...
► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about
a) differential association theory;
b) anomie theory;
c) control theory;
d) labeling theory.
Retell the text “Sociological theories”.
UNIT 17
► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Restore the word order in the questions that follow and answer them.
Psychological theories. Behaviour theory views all behaviour—criminal and otherwise—as learned and thus manipulable by the use of punishment. Social learning theory examines the manner in which behaviour is learned from contacts within the family and other intimate groups (close personal friends, for example), from social contacts outside the family, particularly from peer groups. Peer group is a group of people, especially young people of the same age, social class etc. as yourself. Peer pressure is a strong feeling that you must do the same things as other people of your age if you want them to like you. Teenagers, for example, often start smoking because of peer pressure. Social learning theory states that behaviour is learned from exposure to models of behaviour in the media, particularly television. Mental illness (affecting the mind or happening in the mind) is the cause of a relatively small proportion of crimes, but its importance as a causative factor may be exaggerated by the seriousness of some of the crimes committed by persons with mental disorders. Severe depression or psychopathy, sometimes described as sociopathy, may lead to grave offenses of violence. [Depression is a feeling of sadness that makes you think there is no hope for the future. Psychopath is someone who has a serious and permanent mental illness that makes them behave in a violent or criminal way. Sociopath is someone whose behaviour towards other people is considered unacceptable, strange, and possibly dangerous.] On a less serious level, depression may lead to theft or other uncharacteristic (not typical of someone or something and therefore surprising) behaviour.
VOCABULARY
| psychological | психологический | causative | причинный |
| learn | научиться | exaggerate | преувеличивать |
| peer | ровня | psychopathy | психопатия |
| exposure | подвергание | psychopath | психопат |
| media | средства массовой информации | sociopath | психопат |
1) What theory all behaviour as learned views? 2) What social learning theory does examine? 3) What is by the term "peer group" meant? 4) What is by the term "peer pressure" meant? 5) What social learning theory state does? 6) What the cause of a relatively small proportion of crimes is? 7) Where psychopathy may lead? 8) What is by the term "depression" meant? 9) What is by the term "psychopath" meant? 10) What meant is by the term "sociopath"? 11) What may to theft or other uncharacteristic behaviour lead?
► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) Behaviourism is the belief that the scientific study of the mind should be based only on people's behaviour, not on what they say about their thoughts and feelings. 2) To manipulate means to make someone think and behave exactly as you want them to, by skillfully deceiving them or influencing them. 3) Peer group is a group of people, especially young people of blue blood. 4) Peer pressure is a strong feeling that you must not do the same things as other people of your age if you want them to like you. 5) Teenagers often start smoking because of pressure of work. 6) Depression is a feeling of joy that makes you think there is hope for the future. 7) Sociopath is someone who has a serious and permanent mental illness that makes them behave in a violent or criminal way. 8) Psychopath is someone whose behaviour towards other people is considered unacceptable, strange, and possibly dangerous.
► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements. 1) Behaviour theory criminal behaviour as learned and thus manipulable by the use of punishment views. 2) Social learning theory that criminal behaviour might be states learned from contacts within the family and other intimate groups. 3) Social learning theory that criminal behaviour might be learned from peer groups states. 4) Social learning theory that behaviour is learned states from exposure to models of behaviour in the media. 5) Mental illness the cause of a relatively small proportion of crimes is. 6) Psychopathy lead to grave offenses of violence may. 7) Depression may to theft or other uncharacteristic behaviour lead.
► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into
English. Аристократического происхождения; интимный; нехарактерный; манипулировать; загруженность работой; преступное поведение; психическая болезнь; кража; депрессия; психологический; научиться; ровня; тяжкое преступление; причинный; психопатия; подвергание; средства массовой информации; психопат; применение наказания; контакты внутри семьи; модели поведения; насилие.
