I. ; - . . () .
) 1. Russian chemical science is successfully solving many complex problems.
.
is solving Present Progressive Active to solve
2. Radio astronomy has given mankind efficient means for penetration into space.
.
has given - Present Perfect Active to give
has given - Present Perfect Active to give
) 1. Becquerel's discovery was followed by an intensive research work of Marie
and Pierre Curie.
was followed Past Simple Passive to follow
2. Heat energy is transmitted in two different ways.
.
is transmitted - Present Simple Passive to transmit
II. ; Participle I
Participle II , .. , , -. .
1. Nylon was the first synthetic fibre used in clothing.
, .
Used - Participle II,
2. The atoms forming our planet are built of negative electrons.
, , .
Forming - Participle I, . Built - Participle II, -
3. This kind of treatment when used makes the metals heat-resistant.
.
used - Participle II,
4. When passing through an electroscope, X-rays cause its discharge.
, .
passing - Participle I,
III. ; . .
1. One object may be larger than another one, but it may weigh less.
, , .
2. Mass can also be defined as a measure of inertia.
.
3. Man-made satellites had to use solar cells as a source of power.
.
4. Plastics should be reinforced by different kinds of fibres.
.
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IV. 1- 3- . 2- 3- .
1. Herman Helmholtz is celebrated2 for his contributions to physiology and theoretical physics. A delicate child, Helmholtz early displayed a passion for understanding things, but otherwise developed slowly, and had no marked early talent for mathematics. Although he wished to study physics, he was persuaded by his father to take up the study of medicine, entering the Medical Institute at Berlin in 1838.
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2. His researches into physiological optics began about 1850 with the discovery of the ophthalmoscope (1851), followed by investigations into colour, including the problem of colour-blindness. He also made fundamental contribution to the understanding of the structure and mechanism of the human eye.
1850 (1851), , . .
3. Helmholtz's first, and most celebrated paper in theoretical physics was his article on the conservation of energy. In this paper he proved the conservation of total energy of a system of particles, which were interacting through central forces depending only on the masses and separations of the particles. Other important work in theoretical physics included the famous paper on vortex motion (1858), and the application of the principle of least action to electrodynamics problems.
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4. Helmholtz was undoubtedly the most versatile7 of nineteenth-century scientists. From 1871 onwards he was perhaps more famous as a theoretical physicist than as a physiologist. But it seems probable that apart from his work on the conservation of energy he will ultimately8 be remembered more for his epoch-making researches in physiological optics and acoustics in which his talents as physiologist, physicist, mathematician and experimentalist of genius were most vividly displayed.
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V. 4- . , :
For what researches will Helmholtz be remembered?
?
1. for his celebrated paper on theoretical physics.
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2.... for his epoch-making researches in physiological optics and acoustics.
3. for his paper on vortex motion.
:... for his epoch-making researches in physiological optics and acoustics.
