|
,
| ,
|
|
| p, π,
π=cRT, π= i cRT
| ,
|
| i;
i=1 + α(ν 1),
ν
;
α
| ( ) ,
|
| c = i c(X), \
| , 1 , ,
|
| π ,
| ,
|
| p,
| ,
v = v
| , ,
|
| ( )
|
| t
|
| ( )
| t
|
| , ,
| Δt = K m (X)
Δt = K m (X)
Δt = i K m (X)
Δt = iK m (X)
(i )
| ( )
|
| K , K
| , , (1 1000 )
| ()
|
= [H+][ A-] (1)
[HA]
b= [BH+][ OH-] (2)
[B]
| . HA, H3O+ A-, (1).
B, OH-- BH+, b (2)
|
|
i ;
o
i
v
| , . . ,
|
|
|
|
|
a(X i), /
a(X i)=γ(X i)c i (X i)
| (Xi), ,
|
|
γ(X i)
( 25oC)
( ,
I<0,01 /)
( ,
I<0,1 /)
| ,
|
| /
| .
|
| K w= [H+][OH]=const
[H+][ OH]=1*10-14
( =298 )
| ,
|
| pH= --lg [H+]
pH= --lg a[H+]
pH= --lg (γc(H+))
| , .
|
| pOH= --lg [ OH]
pOH + pH=14
( 25 )
| , .
|
| pH
| , .
| .
| [H+] =γ(H+)(1/ z -)
γ(H+)--
|
| .
| [H+] =
pH=1/2pK1/2lg c(1/z -)
| .
| ()
| [H+] =
| .
|
| [H+] =[H+] + [H+]
| , . ,
|
| :
= [HA] [ OH-] =
[ A-]
= Kw
(HA)
:
= Kw
b(B)
|
|
|
| ,
| ,
| pH=7 1/2pb 1/2 lg c
| H
H 7
| ,
| pH=7 + 1/2pb+ 1/2 lg c
| OH
H 7
|
|
|
( )
|
|
| ( ) ( )
|
|
| - , , pH
|
|
| - , , pH
|
|
KtnAnm
Ks=[Ktm+] [Ann]m
ΔGo=-RT ln Ks
|
|
|
|
|
|
Me---(, ), L---
| , ,
|
| k..
| , , . .
|
|
| ,
, -
|
: 2016-09-03; !; : 325 | :
:
. ==> ... 1677 - | 1473 -
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