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, , - , (Political correctness PC).

 

20 , 軗 deracialization (. ).

, , , , . , , , . , , . . , , , .

 

, , , , , , , , , , .

 

, . , , , , , . , . - , ( , ) , , .

 

(linguistic tact), , : , , .

 

, , / , , , , . .

 

, , , black []. , . , :

 

Negro > coloured > black > African American/Afro-American [ > > > /];

 

Red Indians > Native Americans [ > ].

 

, . , Ms Mr [] , (Mrs []) (Miss []). .

 

, , -man (chairman [], businessman [], salesman []) -ess (stuardess []), , . , : chairman [] > chairperson;

 

spokesman [] > spokesperson;

 

cameraman [] > camera operator;

 

foreman [] > supervisor;

 

fireman [] > fire fighter;

 

postman [] > mail carrier;

 

businessman [] > executive [ ] business woman;

 

stuardess [] > flight attendant;

 

headmistress [] > headteacher.

 

women [] womyn wimmin, .

 

(his [], him []) , , his/her [/], their []: everyone must do his duty > everyone must do his or her (his/her) duty > everyone must do their duty [ (, ) > / / (, , /) > (, ) ]. s/he [/] he/she [/].

 

, , , one person [ ] their guilty knowledge [ ]:

had no intention of telling anyone in Nightingale House where the tin had been found. But one person would know where it had been hidden and with luck might inadvertently reveal their guilty knowledge , . , , .

 

: Everyone who should be in Nightingale House was in her room [, , ].

 

everyone [; , , ] her room [ ] , .

 

, , :

 

invalid > handicapped > disabled > differently-abled > physically challenged [ > / > > > , - ];

 

retarded children > children with learning difficulties [ > , ];

 

old age pensioners > senior citizens [ > ];

 

poor > disadvantaged > economically disadvantaged [ > () > ];

 

unemployed > unwaged [ > ];

 

slums > substandard housing [ > , ];

 

bin man > refuse collectors [, > , ];

 

natives > indigenious population [ > ];

 

foreigners > aliens, newcomers [ > ; , ];

 

foreign languages > modern languages [ > ];

 

short people > vertically challenged people [ > , - ];

 

fat people > horizontally challenged people [ > , - ]; third world countries > emerging nations [ > ];

 

collateral damage > civilians killed accidentally by military action [ > , ];

 

killing the enemy > servicing the target [ > ].

 

, pets [ ], , animal companions [-]., house plants > botanical companions [ > -], mineral companions [-].

 

, . lookism ( look ', ') favouring the attractive over less attractive [ ]. (-, ! lookist .

 

, , , , , " ". ( " " 1947). - . , , (das)Ol , ( Butter). , , , Ol : , (, ). Tisch , . , Ol . , - . Ol , : Kohl, Holz .. Ol ( , - ): 1) ( ) 2) .

. . , . . - .

, , . - .

 

 

, . , . , , , .

 

, .

 

1.2.1

- . , , .

, , , - . . , : , , , .

? , , , , , , . , . : . , - .

, , . . , , . . , eore the ground under people's feet, soil the world of man' as opposed to heaven that was supposed to be inhabited first by Gods and later on, with the spread of Christianity, by God, his angels, saints and the souls of the dead. earth , . earth a connection of a wire conductor with the earth. earth. : With earthed appliances the continuity of the earth wire ought to be checked.

, cosmos outer space, the universe as an ordered system, chaos. . cosmic (in addition to the former meanings universal, immense) pertaining to space travel, e. g. cosmic rocket = space rocket.

, , . bikini. bikini - a very scanty two-piece bathing suit worn by women . , . , , . , , .

, mill . , "a building in which corn is ground into flour" mill textile factory. mill, - ? mill , . , , . , , , . . , mill an establishment using water power to produce certain goods, , , , mill . , .

carriage, ( ) a vehicle drawn by horses, , a railway car. . . .

, , , , . stalls, box, pit, circle . , , , , .

Stalls box , , . box a small separate enclosure forming a part of the theatre a rectangular container used for packing or storing things. , boxes . , , , , .

, stalls , . compartments in stables or sheds for the accommodation of animals (e. g. cows, horses, etc.). , , , , , . stalls , , . , stalls . .

. , , . , , . , , , , .

1.2.2

( ). , , , . , , . , . , , , , , () .

- , , . , , time tide, - . , tide , , time .

beast. animal, in general sense. deer, a certain kind of beast. animal , beast . , deer beast, animal.

, , twist. , a rope, thrwn (now throw) hurl twist. twisten (twist), . throw csten (cast). hurl, throw , cast a glance, cast lots, cast smth in one's teeth.

, , . token. token sign. sign, token : love token, token of respect. , .

- . , : sale cut-price sale, propose propose marriage, be expecting be expecting a baby, media mass media.

starve , to die, die of hunger, to suffer from lack of food, to feel hungry .

1.3

, , .

, . XIX . . , : 1) (extension, widening or generalization); 2) (narrowing, restriction or specialization); 3) ( ) (transference of meaning). , , , , . , , , , -- . , . , , . ( (, ) ) . , . , , . . . , , , , , . , .

, , . , , . , - , , - - .

: (elevation or amelioration); (degradation or deterioration, pejoration), (hyperbole); (litotes or understatement); (irony).

.

 

. , , , .. ( . - ). , : () (), : () (), , : () () .. (.. ): () (), ( , ) ( , ).

 

( , . ). , : ( ) ( ). (. ͸), .. , .: .-. ; ( ), .: (.. ; ) ..

 

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( ) . - , , case circumstances in which a person or a thing is. , (a law suit), (a form in the paradigm of a noun), (a patient, an illness). .

 

, . , , , meat food, sweetmeats. edible flesh , food, , ( ).

 

, : the City , Oxford , the Tower - , , - .

 

- . , attribute + noun, . , : room space, roomy : no room for, to take room, to take no room. room , : dining room, sleeping room, space for dining, space for sleeping.

 

. . , . .

 

manuscript, picture salary. manuscript - , , . , . picture, a painting, drawing, or photograph something painted. salary, a fixed regular payment made usually on a monthly basis by an employer to an employee - a Roman soldiers allowance to buy salt.

 

, : ready ( ridan - ride) prepared for a ride, prepared for anything. journey one day trip, a trip of any duration.

 

, to arrive ( ) to come to shore, to land. to come (e. g. to arrive in a village, town, city, country, at a hotel, hostel, college, theatre, place, etc.).

 

pipe. a musical wind instrument. any hollow oblong cylindrical body.(e. g. water pipes).

 

: have, be, do, shall, will , : , , , . : I have several books by this writer and I have read some books by this author. , have possess, , - Present Perfect.

 

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- , , . , . . , , - - - - , .

( , . - - . ) ( , . - , - ), - , , . . look- look-. - .

. , , , , : - , Seite - Saite - .

, , ( , ), - .

 

, , ( , ). , : , , ; ([]) , () , ([]) .

 

, , (, ). , 1- ( ) ( ) , -. -- : , , ( ) ( ), () ().

 

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5) : 1 , 2 .

 

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