Test No.1
To be
I. to be:
a) ;
b) -;
c) ;
d) ;
e) (ontinuous ense).
1. These documents are to be presented to the Bank.
2. The price is firm.
3. On what terms was the contract concluded?
4. This equipment can be sold to the countries of Western Europe.
5. We are sending you our offer.
6. How many pumps are sold?
7. Can you hear what he is saying?
8. Can the price be changed?
9. Where are the documents?
10. What documents are necessary for payment?
11. Atom is a great force.
12. They are to be at the institute at 9 oclock.
13. The water in the tube is boiling.
14. One machine tool is being worked at in our laboratory.
15. Mathematics, physics, a foreign language are to be studied in the first year at our institute.
II. to be:
a) ;
b) ;
c) ;
d) .
1. What is the flight number?
2. They are waiting for the manager.
3. He is a head of our department.
4. The machine is to be tested next week.
5. Where is the contract?
6. The office is in the center of the city.
7. What goods are imported into our country?
8. Who is calling, please?
9. Computers are devided into simple and complex devices.
10. They are to be at the office in time.
11. The temperature of the water is 43 0C.
12. Interesting and important researches are done all over the world.
13. All the students are present today.
14. I am a mechanic.
15. The technicians of our plant will be increasing the productivity of the experimental machine tool.
Test No.2
To have
I. to have:
a) ;
b) ;
c) .
1. I have already read this article.
2. Their plan has great conditions for fruitful work.
3. We shall have to stay at home.
4. He has never seen this man.
5. She had to put on her warm coat because it was very cold.
6. Almost every plant has shops which constantly give off smoke and dust.
7. The workers in the plant of the future will have only to regulate the production process.
8. Radio waves have been used in various ways for observation of the planets and stars.
9. Polymers have been used as excellent electric insulators.
10. He has been shown her photo.
11. They had friends in Moscow.
12. He had to help me.
13. The plant has been equipped with lathes by the end of the last year.
14. Our workshop has an old equipment.
15. You will have to show the equation to your teacher.
II. to have:
a) ;
b) ;
c) .
1. Have you got any reservation in my name?
2. I had to work hard to pass my examinations.
3. The mechanic asked if the car had been damaged.
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4. Yesterday we had little time to talk to him.
5. The papers have not been sent yet.
6. As I didnt see him I had to telephone him.
7. He says he has no wish to read detective stories.
8. We shall have to tell her everything.
9. The firm has sold goods at a good price.
10. They had much work to do yesterday.
11. They have replaced the old equipment.
12. They have to replace the atom completely at the service of man.
13. They have informed us about one more success of Russian space science.
14. Physicists have many great important problems.
15. Radio and TV have to inform and educate people.
Test No.3
To do
I. to do:
a) ;
b) ;
c) .
1. I didnt like his last remark.
2. Do you find it convincing?
3. They are doing business with many firms in Europe.
4. How long did it take them to agree on all the questions?
5. He does everything slowly.
6. This experiment gave us better results than did the last one.
7. You should do it.
8. How much does the new model of the car cost now?
9. He did his work well.
10. She studies better than her friend does.
11. Metals conduct electricity better than semiconductors do.
12. We dont fix this instruments during the experiment.
13. When did the researcher develop his theory?
14. My sister did a lot of interesting inventions during the experiment.
15. Do you have lectures every day?
II. to do:
a) ;
b) .
1. He doesnt speak English, does he?
2. They always do everything in time.
3. Last year this firm made business better than it does this year.
4. What offer do they make?
5. I dont believe these contracts are necessary.
6. We did our best.
7. They translated the article better than we did.
8. He did it himself nobody helped him.
9. Do any other substances possess this property?
10. What are you doing now?
11. I do my homework regularly.
12. Mike doesnt study Spanish at the institute.
13. He speaks English worse than his sister does.
14. They didnt equip the laboratory with modern devices.
15. Do you go to the institute every day?
Test No.4
That
I. that:
a) ;
b) ;
c) ;
d) -.
1. That is our new project.
2. This is the most interesting book that Ive ever read.
3. I knew that they would come in time.
4. Take that letter of confirmation.
5. Theyll show you the engine that we must test.
6. The trouble is that they havent calculated the exact speed of the car.
7. They knew that the car was old.
8. That was the article that they read.
9. The work of the new device is more efficient than that of the old one.
10. This price is much lower than that quoted previously.
11. The day on Mars is a little longer than that on the Earth.
12. That road is very long.
13. This solid is denser than that one.
14. That plant was built last year.
15. The man that is studying English is our manager.
B
II. that:
a) , ;
b) ;
c) ;
d) ( ).
1. All the rates that result have a lot in common.
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2. The demand has grown as compared with that last year.
3. There is a risk that the demand may diminish.
4. Alloy steel is that in which an alloying element is present.
5. It is a very small device that can obtain from memory a limited set of instructions.
6. It should be noted that successful management is based on three basic elements.
7. The increase is slower than that of the last year.
8. He couldnt finish the experiment at that moment.
9. We may see at once that it is a mixture of some substances.
10. They discovered that element not long ago.
Test No.5
It
I. it:
a) ;
b) ;
c) ;
d) .
1. It is five oclock now.
2. It is a very interesting article.
3. It was in our country that the first man-made satellite was launched.
4. Here is my passport. Look at it.
5. Where is the book? Give it to me, please.
6. It is difficult for me to do this work.
7. It was Popov who invented the radio.
8. It is a very comfortable hotel. It is modern.
9. It was Newton who discovered the law of universal gravitation.
10. It is nice to see you.
11. It is easy to discuss this question.
12. It often rains in autumn.
13. This is my plan. Give it to me, please.
14. A line has one dimension: it is length.
15. It was Einstein who provided a new conception of time, space and gravitation.
II. it:
a) ;
b) (, );
c) , () , ;
d) .
1. Whose signature is it? It is mine.
2. Do you think it will rain tomorrow?
3. Take this article. It is about our institute.
4. It is this article that I liked best of all.
5. It is late now.
6. It will be a fundamental problem for the designer.
7. What is it? It is a form. You should fill it in English.
8. It is a great Russian scientist Popov who invented the radio.
9. Im sorry, Ive left your book at home, - It doesnt matter, bring it to me tomorrow.
10. It is this subject that he likes best of all.
11. Whose dictionary is it? It is hers.
12. It was the Periodic Law of Elements which D.I. Mendeleyev published in 1869.
13. In winter it is not cold in England.
14. Facts give a science its substance, but it is the theory which provides its strength.
15. Where is my book? It is on the table.
Test No.6
One
I. one:
a) ;
b) ;
c) .
1. He has given me one of his English books.
2. One must always observe traffic rules.
3. She hasnt got a radio-set, she wants to buy one.
4. Those texts are too long, we need shorter ones.
5. One never knows what may happen.
6. One thing is clear: one must study hard if one wants to pass examinations.
7. This TVset is very expensive, show me another one.
8. He is one of the best engineers at the plant.
9. He is one of the most experienced engineers.
10. This article is much more difficult than the one we translated yesterday.
II. one:
a) ;
b) ;
c) ( ).
1. The more one studies, the more one knows.
2. This apparatus is more powerful than the one installed in our lab.
3. These trucks are too small, they will need bigger ones.
4. One should be very attentive when taking notes at the lecture.
5. This was one of the reasons for going there.
6. That device is an ordinary one.
7. One should be very careful when crossing the street.
8. That was the distance that they covered in one hour.
9. One never knows what to expect in this case.
10. This dictionary is very large, show me a smaller one.
Test No.7
I. :
a) ;
b) ;
c) ;
d) ;
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e) .
1. To get me a job he used his influence.
2. You must work hard to pass this exam.
3. The conference discussed new methods to be used in making new products.
4. My hobby is to read books.
5. I like to read books everywhere.
6. They were happy to take part in our conference.
7. To make mistakes is easy.
8. His task was to complete the work in time.
9. The letters to be typed today are on your desk.
10. To know a foreign language is necessary for a specialist.
II. :
1. To apply this method one should have the necessary equipment.
a) .
b) , .
2. To make this experiment means to obtain new data.
a) - .
b) , .
3. The subject to be known to every engineer is the strength of materials.
a) , - .
b) , , .
4. , , - .
a) The next exam which was passed was mathematics.
b) The next exam passed by us was mathematics.
c) The next exam to be passed is mathematics.
5. .
a) To determine the composition of this substance we always use this reaction.
b) To determine the composition of this substance is of great importance for us.
c) To determine the composition of this substance we made many experiments.
6. , , .
a) The delegation which consists of workers and engineers will come to Moscow from the Urals.
b) The delegation from the Urals consisted of workers and engineers.
c) The delegation to come to Moscow from the Urals will consist of workers and engineers.
7. , , .
a) The problem connected with the old equipment must be discussed.
b) The problem which was discussed is connected with the old equipment.
c) The problem to be discussed is connected with the old equipment.
8. , .
a) To translate this article was impossible without a dictionary.
b) To translate this article was easy with the help of a dictionary.
c) To translate this article I used a dictionary.
9. , .
a) To study well means to study systematically.
b) To study well students should work systematically.
c) To study well is explained by systematical work.
10. , .
a) He came to the laboratory and then went to make some experiments.
b) He came to the laboratory to make some experiments.
c) He came to the laboratory when he had done some experiments.
III. :
1. To read books in bad light is harmful.
a)
b)
c) ,
2. To operate the complex device is rather difficult.
a) ,
b) .
c)
3. We hope to get new data in a week or two.
a)
b) .
c)
4. The problem was to get the best results in time.
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a) ,
b)
c)
5. To study this phenomenon requires much knowledge.
a) .
b)
c) ,
6. .
a) To carry out 2
b) To carry out 1 2
c) 1 2 to carry out
7. .
a) To carry out 1 2 3 4
b) 1 2 to carry out
c) To carry out 2 3 4
8. .
a) 1 2 to carry out 4
b) To carry out 1 2 3 4
c) 1 have to carry out
9. , , .
a) 1 2 to carry out 4
b) n to carry out
c) To carry out 1 2 3 4
10. , .
a) 1 to carry out 2 3 4
b) To carry out 1 2 3 4
c) 1 2 3 to carry out...
TE
I. :
1. The students some free time.
a) is
b) has
c) have
d) was
2. Theymade all necessary tables for the report.
a) has
b) was
c) have
d) are
3. She was very sad as she hadan unpleasant letter.
a) get
b) getting
c) got
d) gets
4. The information on coded in the computer from 8 till 10 yesterday.
a) are being
b) has been
c) were
d) was being
5.The commissionconsider that document next week.
a) is
b) was
c) have
d) will
6. never rains here in December.
a) that
b) it
c) one
7. is a good idea.
a) one
b) that
c) those
8. Dont forgetyou are to be there in time.
a) one
b) it
c) that
9. I think of the price. I am afraidis very high.
a) one
b) that
c) it
10. must read much to know the language well.
a) it
b) that
c) one
11. He got any relatives.
a) doesnt
b) isnt
c) hasnt
12. They asked a lot of questions at the meeting.
a) was
b) did
c) were
13. Shedone much to improve the work of the company.
a) is
b) has
c) have
14. he like his profession?
a) is
b) does
c) has
15. Thishis first visit to Moscow.
a) was
b) are
c) has
II. :
1.
a) I cannot answer your question as it is difficult.
b) This is a plant my father worked at.
c) We could not translate the text without a dictionary because it was a very difficult one.
2.
a) It was Mikhail Lomonosov who discovered the atmosphere on Venus.
b) You probably remember that he is coming to night.
c) The article I read in the newspaper was very interesting.
3.
a) This is a progressive firm that uses the most modern systems.
b) She said she would be at the institute.
c) You have to decide whether to build a tunnel or a bridge.
4.
a) Give me the book I gave you yesterday.
b) We shall speak about your report when you return.
c) I found my book where I had left them.
5.
a) You must know this question as he does.
b) The fold us less than he knows.
c) This is the house we live in.
III. :
1. He was saving moneyabout the country.
a) to be traveled
b) to have traveled
c) to travel
2. She was glad to have been helped.
a) .
b) , .
c) , .
3. They are happy to be working with the famous scientist.
) , .
b) , .
c) , .
4. , , .
a) The delegation which consists of workers and engineers will come to Moscow from the Urals.
b) The delegation from the Urals consisted of workers and engineers.
c) The delegation to come to Moscow from the Urals will consist of workers and engineers.
5. - .
a) To make this experiment one should obtain new data.
b) To make this experiment means to obtain new data.
c) To make this experiment is necessary for obtaining new data.
1
1. , -. . 1,2,3[1] .
1. This lathe is demonstrated in a technical laboratory.
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2. Electric cars will be widely used in future.
3. Today plastics are being widely used instead of metals.
2. , it, that, one. 30-32 .
1. That house was built in 1985.
2. It is my brother who was offered the job.
3. This metro station was opened last year, and that one will be put into operation in two years.
3. , to be, to have, to do. 14-18 .
1. The engineers are to study the problem of using rays.
2. He had to take part in this work himself.
3. Alloy is a metallic material containing two or three elements.
4. , ( ). 7-8 .
1. The factory we are speaking about is one of the best in the country.
2. She said she would be in the library in the evening.
3. I have bought the book you recommended.
5. , . 19-20 .
1. To enter data directly into the computer system, a user uses a keyboard.
2. Robots can be designed to do almost any work.
3. Our plant was the first to install the automatic equipment.
6. 7 :
1. .
2. :
There is nothing astounding about computer networks.
3. :
that connect anywhere from two or three computers to thousands of them.
7. .
The Internet
1. The internet is a network1 of networks. A computer network is a group of computers that have been connected so they can communicate with each other. They can send messages to each other and can share information in the form of computer files. The internet connects more than 18,000 of these networks, and more are being added all the time. On those networks are millions of computers, computer terminals and about two million computers and as many as 30 million users, according to some estimates2. And its growing by around 1,000 computers a day. Its no wonder that the president of ISOC (the Internet Society) recently suggested that the internet could reach 1 billion people in the not-too-distant future.
2. There is nothing astounding about computer networks. Many small companies have networks that connect anywhere from two or three computers to thousands of them.
3. But the internet isnt just a network. Its a network of networks. Lots of different networks have been joined to produce the worlds largest group of connected computers. Some of the networks are run by government bodies, some by universities, some by businesses, some by local community library systems, and some are even run by schools. Most are in the United States, but many are overseas, in countries ranging from Australia to Zimbabwe. The internet might make it possible for you to communicate with all these people on all these computer networks through electronic mail.
4. When you connect to the internet, you have the opportunity to connect to thousands of different systems. Those computers contain government archives, university databases3 local-community computing resources,
library catalogs, messages about any subject you can imagine, and millions of computer files (over two million at last count) containing photographs, documents, sound clips, video, and whatever else you can put into digital form.
5. When you log on4or log in5 to a computer system, you tell the system who you are, and it decides if it wants to let you use its services. A log-on (or log in) procedure usually entails providing some king of account name and a secret password.
1network - ;
2estimates - , ;
3database - ;
4to log on - ( );
5to log in - .
8. :
When is it necessary for you to tell the computer system who you are?
2
1. , -. . 1,2,3[2] .
1. The plant was reconstructed three years ago.
2. The engineers will be asked to make an experimental model of the device.
3. Today plastics are being applied for car bodies.
2. , it, that, one. 30-32 .
1. Do you know that man?
2. One must apply the material that can be machined easily.
3. It was Einstein who came to the conclusion that the electromagnetic field is influenced by the gravitational field.
3. , to be,
to have, to do. 14-18 .
1. The exam was to start in the morning.
2. These computers will have to perform millions of operations per second.
3. This material does not possess elastic properties.
4. , ( ). 7-8 .
1. There are many electric appliances we cannot do without.
2. The experiment I told you about will take much time.
3. The direction the needle points is changed several times.
5. , . 19-20 .
1. To understand this problem one should read a lot.
2. The internal combustion engine to be used in this lorry is of a new design.
3. Our task is to obtain a new mixture with new properties.
6. :
1. .
2. : Is biochemistry considered to be the most complex area of chemistry?
7. , , , .
8.
.
:
1) sophisticated -;
2) cell -;
3) to afflict -;
4) despite - ;
5) retina -;
6) storage capacity .
Biochemistry
1. The chemistry of life, or biochemistry as chemists call it, is an area in which the classical fields of chemistry and biology meet. It can be called molecular biology. Biochemistry is the study of the structures and reactions of the thousands of compounds involved in life process. Biochemistry is considered to be the most complex area of chemistry.
2. Living things represent the most efficient, sophisticated compact chemical factories ever known. How, for example, do cells of the body know when to divide and multiply into new cells having the same characteristics as the original cells? When the body is afflicted by disease or by a wound how does the body protect itself and repair the damage? We know these processes to involve thousands of different chemical compounds.
3. When we compare nervous system to man-made electronic computers the efficiency and complexity of the biological systems become even more impressive. Despite great advances in computer technology, the greatest computer ever built is almost insignificant being compared to a human brain weighing little more than a kilogram. A computer can perform mathematical operations millions of times faster than a person, but think of some of the things the nervous system can do. For example, it can cause your arm to reach out and touch an object. The brain can translate signals from the retina of the eyes into three dimensional colour images. It can translate a series of frequencies detected by the ear into thoughts whereas a computer can only perform operations being programmed by a person. As to the storage capacity the brain really wins out. The largest computers have storage capacity of about one million words but some experts believe the brain to store up all the signals it receives.
4. The chemical processes of our bodies involve enormously complex sequences of reactions, details of these processes being far from complete understanding. Nevertheless great progress has been made in our understanding of the processes that occur in the body.
5. The first half of this century might be termed the Golden Age of Physics because so many discoveries in understanding the structure of molecules, atoms and nuclei were made. By the same virtue we may be in the midst of a Golden Age in Biochemistry. The next few years of research may bring much increased understanding of chemical processes in cells.
9. :
What phenomena are not yet understood in biochemistry?
3
1. , -. . 1,2,3[3] .
1. All these metal parts are cut automatically.
2. We were shown a new alloy which will be used in modern technology.
3. The construction of the plant has been completed this month.
2. , it, that, one. 30-32 .
1. She spoke so fast that it was difficult to follow her.
2. I prefer red roses to white ones.
3. It is necessary to obtain accurate data for that process.
3. , to be, to have, to do. 14-18 .
1. Modern science is to solve a lot of mysteries.
2. We have changed the design of this machine.
3. Do you have up-to-date equipment at your plant?
4. , ( ). 78 .
1. The heat a body contains is the kinetic energy of its molecules.
2. It was evident the neutron was the key to splitting the atom.
3. He was sure there was a way to control this process.
5. , . 19-20 .
1. To develop a new method of cutting metals was necessary.
2. The main purpose of the computers is to solve complex problems quickly.
3. Did you want the plan to be improved?
6. 7 :
1. .
2. .
3. :
Many elements are classified as
7. , .
Metals and Nonmetals
1. There are some distinctions between metals and nonmetals. Metals are distinguished from nonmetals by their high conductivity for heat and electricity, by metallic lustre and by their resistance to electric current. Their use in industry is explained not only by those properties, but also by the fact that their properties, such as strength and hardness, can be greatly improved by alloying them with other metals.
2. There are several important groups of metals and alloys. The common metals such as iron, copper, zinc, etc, are produced in great quantities.
3. The so-called precious metals include silver, gold, platinum and palladium. The light metals are aluminium, berillium and titanium. They are important in aircraft and rocket construction.
4. Many elements are classified as semimetals (bismuth, for example) because they have much poorer conductivity than common metals.
5. Nonmetals (carbon, silicon, sulphur) in the solid state are usually brittle materials without metallic lustre and are usually poor conductors of electricity. Nonmetals show greater variety of chemical properties than common metals do.
6. Metals can undergo corrosion, changing in this case their chemical and electromechanical properties. In order to protect metals from corrosion the products made of metals and steel are coated by some films (coatings). Organic coatings protect metals and steel from corrosion by forming a corrosion-resistant barrier between metal or steel and the corrosive
environment.
8. , :
a) By what properties are metals distinguished from nonmetals?
b) What common metals are produced in great quantities?
c) What metals are called light?
d) What properties do nonmetals have?
e) What is done to protect metals from corrosion?
:
a) Iron, copper and zinc.
b) They are usually poor conductors of heat and electricity.
c) They are coated by some organic coatings.
d) High conductivity for heat and electricity.
e) Aluminium, berillium and titanium.
4
