It si hard to overestimate the impact of computers on the surveying and mapping of land parcels, and on the recording and dissemination of land-related information. The main advantage of computerization is the speed with which data may be handled.
Computers can, inter alia, be used to: speed up the collection and processing of cadastral survey data; make significant reductions in the cost and space required for storing and retrieving land records; prevent unnecessary duplication of records etc.
The list of possible applications of information technology (IT) is almost endless. Computerization speeds up the processes of field and photogrammetric survey, the storage, retrieval and analysis of data, and the preparation and production of cadastral maps and plans. Automatic data recording has two advantages - it reduces the human mistakes that occur in writing down and subsequently transcribing field survey observations, and it facilitates the transfer of data for subsequent computation and adjustment.
While new surveys may benefit from the availability of computer systems, many records already exist only on paper, for example in written records or on paper maps. Old records must be converted into computer-readable form if the advantages of modern information technology are to be realized. The conversion of existing maps and graphic images into digital form is usually done by “digitizing”. The technology for digitizing maps is readily available, though the processes are often labour intensive and remain expensive. Textual data relating to land parcels may be converted into digital form either by typing the data into a computer, or by scanning.
The priority in many cadastral systems is to manage textual records more efficiently rather than to produce digital cadastral maps. Text data may include the property reference number, the name and address of the proprietor, the title number and form of tenure, details of any mortgages, subleases or assignments, any caveats, and possibly details of annual rents and rental payments and their due dates. In addition there may be references to survey plans, land-use zones, planning applications, etc.
While it is often relatively straightforward to computerize textual records - for instance a deeds register - it is rarely cost effective to “computerize past mistakes”. The opportunity should also be taken to overhaul the procedures that are followed. Often the benefits of computerization stem more from data and system reorganization than from the use of computers per se.
It is not necessary for all data to be stored within one system as long as access to the data can be gained when necessary. Connecting a series of computers together into networks covering local or wide areas is becoming more common. Through this means data can be collected, stored and updated in several different locations. Thus the Registrar of Titles may hold the definitive record of who owns the land while the Ministry of Finance may hold the land tax assessments; the municipal planning department may hold data on land use while data on sewers, water and electricity may be held by public utility companies. Each of these data bases can be linked together and data exchanged as and when needed.
Once data of appropriate quality have been entered into the system, various processes of manipulation can take place. These may take the form of geometrical transformations of the data for better graphic display; or mathematical calculations including the aggregation and generalization of data; or simply providing data as part of a management information system. Thus for example, the dates at which documents are passed from one section of a cadastral office to another or to an outside department can be checked, reducing the chances of documents being lost or identifying files where the processing of transfers and applications have failed to be completed by certain dates. Serious delays can then be investigated. Improved management information systems offer one way to improve cadastral systems.
An essential element in any cadastral system is the communication of information either in the form of reports, lists or graphic display. Computers can be used either to display data on a screen or to drive a plotter that produces maps or text in hard-copy form.
While the technology is important, the essential characteristic of a cadastre is that it is an information system, not a set of technological tools. There are of course many technical problems in data integration and in sharing data across networks. The greatest difficulties, however, lie in the human, legal, political, and economic problems that concern all potential users and which must be addressed.
And there is always a fear that computer technology will reduce employment. Present evidence, however, suggests that there will be changes in the nature of employment but that in the short term at least, employment opportunities may increase. This is because the massive task of data conversion will keep many people in work for a decade or more.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/v4860e/V4860E06.htm
15. Study the following words and word combinations. Compose the sentences of your own with some of them:
to overestimate – переоцінювати;
to speed up – прискорювати;
to stem (from) – походити, виникати;
sewer – каналізаційна труба, колектор;
aggregation – збирання, складання, накопичення;
essential characteristic – суттєва ознака.
Exercise 15. Explain the meaning of these phrases in English:
inter alia; “digitizing”, “computerize past mistakes”, the use of computers per se.
Національний авіаційний університет
Модуль 3: Контрольна робота
«ЗАТВЕРДЖУЮ»
Зав.кафедри іноземних мов і
прикладної лінгвістики______ Шостак О.Г.
“____” _________ 2008р.
ФАП
Дисципліна: Іноземна (англійська) мова за фахом
Спеціальність: 6.070900 Землевпорядкування та кадастр
6.070900 Геоінформаційні системи і технології
по темі «Глобальні космічні системи»
Variant №1
I. Translate the following text in writing and put 5 questions to the underlined sentence.
In GPS the position of the satellite is known from the ephemeris data transmitted by the satellite. One can measure the distance from the receiver to the satellite. Therefore, the position of the receiver can be determined. The distance measured from the user to the satellite is assumed to be very accurate and there is no bias error. However, the distance measured between the receiver and the satellite has a constant unknown bias, because the user clock usually is different from the GPS clock. In order to resolve this bias error one more satellite is required. Therefore, in order to find the user position five satellites are needed. If one uses four satellites and the measured distance with bias error to measure a user position, two possible solutions can be obtained. Theoretically, one cannot determine the user position. However, one of the solutions is close to the earth’s surface and the other one is in space.
The distance measured from the user to the satellite is assumed to be very accurate.
II. Give the equivalents to the following terms.
1. user position 9. to determine
2. possible solutions 10. to obtain
3. user clock 11. to be close to
4. bias error 12. to require
5. earth’s surface 13. to be assumed
6. measured distance 14.to resolve
7. ephemeris data 15. to transmit
8. satellites 16. to measure
III. Translate sentences into English.
1. Вчора на першій парі мої друзі-студенти вивчали програму ArcCadastre. 2. Студенти закінчили робити тренувальні вправи до десятої години. 3. Після першої пари вони пили каву на перерві та обговорювали можливості цієї програми. 4. Вчора ввечері я писав доклад в бібліотеці. 5. Я написав доклад до восьмої години. 6. Коли я повернувся в гуртожиток, сусіди по кімнаті детально обговорювали основні та додаткові функції програми ArcCadastre. 7. Я також брав участь в бесіді, оскільки я вивчав ArcCadastre в минулому році.
