.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





: Ne = 83 ne = 5800 -1; e = 9; a = 0,95; l = 0,265; = 6 .

ί

pi = 0,91...1,06 e = 710. pi e = 9

.

h = 0,8...0,85 ne = 60004000 1, h = 0,81.

pe = pi h = 1,01 ∙ 0,81 = 0,818 .

= 30 × 83 × 4 / (0,818 × 5800) = 2,0991 3,

t = 4 .

= 2,0991/6 = 0,3498 3.

K 1 = S/D = 0,8...1,2, K 1 = 0,85.

ij

.

ճ = 0,85∙ 80,62 = 68,53 . D = 80 S = 70 . ᒺ

= 3,14 802 70 10-6 / 4 = 0,3519 3,

= 6 0,3519 = 2,1112 3.

R = S /2 = 35 .

A = p D 2/4 = 3,14 × 802 / 4 = 5 026,5 2.

. 1.1. (. 1.1).

d = (0,05...0,10) D = 7 ; H = = (0,8...1,3) D = 90 ; h 1 = (0,45...0,75) D =50 ; h = (0,6...0,8) D = 60 ; d = (0,3...0,5) D =30 ; b = (0,3...0,5) D = 31 ; d = 1,5...4,5 , d = 4 ; s = (0,05...0,10) D = 5 ; e = (0,06...0,12) D = = 8 ; h = (0,03...0,05) D = 3 ; t: t = (0,040...0,045) D = 4 ; t = (0,038...0,043) D = 4 ; a = 2...4 , a = 3 ; A 0 = (2,5...4,0) t = 13,2 ; : D t = 0,70...0,95 , D t = 0,8 , D t = 0,9...1,1 , D t = 1 ; di = D 2(s + t +D t) = 60 ; n/ = 6...12, n/ = 8; d = (0,3...0,5) a = 1; d = (0,22...0,28) D = 23 ; d = (0,65...0,75) d = 14 ; l = (0,78...0,88) D = 68 ; l = (0,33...0,45) D = 28 .

.

h 1 ,

(h 1 h ) = 50 30 = 20 > d /2 = 30/2 = 15 ,

h = H h = 90 60 = 30 .

䳿 pz max , (. 1.2). , , pz max= pz. pz

,

ri = 0,5 di = 0,5 ∙ 60 = 30 .

= 6,6(30/7)2 = 121,22 .

, [s] = 50...150 .

(. 1.1, ) 䳺 .

= 6,6×5026,5 = 33 175 .

ij = 802(4+1) = 70 .

= 0,5(7060) 1 = 5 2.

= 0,25×3,14(702 602) 85 = 981 2.

= 33 175/981 = 33,82 .

[s] = 30...40 .

m /= 80...150 /2, m /= 110 /2. m = m / ×106 = 110×5026,5×106 = 0,553 .

, , m- = (0,40,6) m = 0,45×0,553 = 0,249 .

R = 35 , l = 0,265. w e = p ne /30 = 3,14×5800/30 = 607,37 /.

n max = (1,031,10) ne = 1,0355800 = 6000 1,

w max = p n max/30 = 3,14×6000/30 = 628,32 /.

, -,

Fj = mA-AR w2 max(1+l)103 = 0,249×35× 628,322(1+0,265)103 = 4 349 .

s = Fj /- = 4 349/981 = 4,43 .

[s] = 4...10 .

䳿 (. 1.3).

= 0,03146,680/3 = 5,526 .

= 0,00456,6(80/3)2 = 21,120 .

= 23,84 .

[sS] = 30...40 .

.

m/ = 100...200 /2, m/ = 170 /2. m = m/ ×106 = 170×5 026,5×106 = 0,855 .

, -

= 0,553+0,2750,855 = 0,788 .

, -

= 0,78835607,372(1+0,265)10-3 = 12 869 .

F max = Fz max Fj max= 33 17512 869 =20 306 .

FN max, 䳺 ,

= 0,1320 306 = 2 639,8 ,

K 6= 0,12...0,14 , K 6= 0,13.

񳺿 :

=2 639,8/(60×80) = 0,55 ;

= 2 639,8/(90×80) = 0,3666 .

q 1 = 0,33...0,96 q 2 = 0,22...0,42 .

D, D . D = (0,006...0,008) D D = (0,001...0,002) D.

a= 25×1061. , a = 11×106 1. ij

D = 0,00780 = 0,56 , D = 0,00280 = 0,16 .

ij D D

D = D D = 800,56 = 79,44 , D = D D = 800,16 = 79,84 .

, t = 110...115 , t = = 200...450 t = 130...200 . : t = 110 , t = 250 , t = = 150, t 0= 15 .

ij :

=

= 80(1+11×106(11015))79,44(1+25×106(25015)) = 0,177 ;

=

= 80(1+11×106(11015))79,84(1+25×106(15015)) = 0,026 .

,

D/ = (0,002...0,0025) D = 0,160,2 ;

D/ = (0,0005...0,0015) D = 0,040,12 .

1.2

, = 1,0×105 ; a = 11×106 1.

г (. 1.1)

A 0 = 3,3 t = 3,3×4 = 13,2 .

= 0,152×1,0×105×(13,2/4)/((80/41)3×(80/4)) = 0,3657 .

: p = 0,11...0,37 ; p = 0,2...0,4 .

,

m j (. . 1.2).

. 1.1 (. 1.4).

 

1.1 ‑ m

j,              
p/ p = m 1,05 1,05 1,14 0,9 0,45 0,67 2,85
, 0,384 0,384 0,417 0,329 0,165 0,245 1,042

 

 

1.4 .

= 2,61×0,3657(80/41)2 = 344,5 .

=4×1,0×105×(10,114×13,2/4)/(1,57×(80/41,4)×80/4) = 427 .

m , . m = 1,57.

, :

s1 = 344,5 < [s] = 450 s2 = 427 < [s] = 450 .

=

= 0,06+3,14×80×(11×106×(21515)11×106×(11515)) = 0,34 .

( = = 0,06...0,10 ), = 0,06 ; t = 200300, t = 110115 t 0= 15 ( ) . : t = 115, t = 215.

1.3

. , pz max = pz (. 1.1)

= 0,5607,37 = 303,69 /.

(. 1.5) . 1.1: d = 23 ; d = 14 ; l = 68 ; l = 28 ; b = 31 . 15X, = = 2,0×105 . .

, , .

103 = 0,553×303,692×35(1+0,265)103 = 2258 .

, , k = 0,76...0,86. k = 0,82.

, 䳺

F = Fz max+ kFj = 33 175+0,82×(2258) = 31324 .

. 1.6.

q x = F /(d l ) = 31324/(23×28) = 48,64 .

q = F / (d (l b)) = 31324/(23×(6831)) = 36,81 .

q = 20...60 q = 15...50 .

³

a = d / d = 14/23 = 0,609.

= 31324(68+2×311,5×28)/(1,2(10,6094)233) = 218,84.

[s] = 100...250 .

=0,85×31324(1+0,609+0,6092)/((10,6094)232) = 115,47 .

[t] = 60...250 .

.

D d max 0,02...0,05 .

, (. 1.7):

( 1, ψ =0)

;

( 3, ψ = 90)

;

( 2, ψ = 0)

;

( 4, ψ = 90)

;

. 300...350 .

 

2 ί

: , . . 2.1 . . 1 pz =0,85 pz =0,856,6=5,61 w e = 607,37 /, w max = 628,32 /, ( ) d = 23 , m = 0,553 , m = 0,855 , R = 35 , A = 5 026,5 2, l = 0,265.

452; = 2,2×105 , a = 1,0×105 1; ; = 1,15×105 ,
a = 1,8×105 1.

. I.3 I 452: s = 800 ; s = 420 ; s1 = 350 ; - s1 = 210 ; as = 0,18; - as = 0,14.

bs = s1/s = 350/420 = 0,833 (bsas)/(1bs) = (0,8330,18)/(10,833) = 3,92.

-

bs = s1/s = 210/420 = 0,5 (bs as)/(1bs) = (0,5000,14)/(10,500) = 0,72.

 

2.1

(. 2.1) : ) - (); ) 䳿 ; ) () -.

. 2.1 . s h , d = d +2 s , d = d +2 h : d = (1,101,25) d = 26 ; d = (1,251,65) d = 35 ; l = 28 (. 1.1); h = (0,160,27) d = 4,5 ; s = (0,0550,085) d = 1,5 .

- n = n m m ( -). m 6...9 % : m = 0,080,855 = 0,068 .

-

=

= (0,553+0,068)×628,322×35×(1+0,265)10-3/(2×4,5×28) = 43,09 .

= 0,5(43,09+0) = 21,55 ,

s a = s a k s/(e×e) = 21,55×1,272/(0,86×0,7) = 45,527 ,

= = 1,2+1,8104(800 ‑ 400) = 1,272 ( ), e = 0,86 - l = 28 (. I.5 . I); e = 0,7 ( , . I.7).

s /s m = 45,527/21,55 = 2,113 > (bsas)/(1bs) = 0,720, -

n s = s1p/(s +ass m) = 210/(45,527+0,1421,55) = 4,326.

2,5...5.

DS = D +D t = 0,04+0,025 = 0,065 ,

D = 0,04 , D t = d (a a) t = 26(1,8×105
1×105)120 = 0,025 , t = 120 .

=

= 29,128 .

m = 0,3 ; = 2,2×105 ; = 1,15×105 .

= 29,128×2×262/(352262) = 71,733 ;

= 29,128×(352+262)/(352262) = 100,861 .

100...150 .

- . - n = n F = F + Fj 䳿 . . 2.2.

= 0,553×35×607,372×(1+0,265)10-3 = ‑9 031 .

j = 110.

0-0

= 9031(0,5720,0008×110) = 4 371,0 ;

103 =

= 9031×15,25×(0,00033×110 0,0297)103 = 0,909 ×,

r = 0,25(d + d) = 0,25(35+26) = 15,25 .

䳿

=

= 4 371,0cos1100,5(‑9 031)(sin110cos110) = 4 292,6 ;

= 0,909+

+4371×15,25(1cos110)103+0,5×(‑9031)15,25(sin110cos110)103 = 2,1046 ×.

= (d d) l = (35 26)28 = 252 2, = (d d ) l = (2623)28 = 84 2.

K

= 2,2105252/(2,2105252+1,1510584) = 0,8516.

- 䳿

=

.

,

=

= (5,610,1)5026,5 0,553×35×607,372(1+0,265)103 = 18 665 ,

p 0 = 0,1 .

N 0/ F M 0 /F 0 r j. = 110 (. 2.2) N 0 /F = 0,0009; M 0 /F 0 r = 0,00025. j. = 110 (. 2.3): 1 cosj. = 1,3420; 0,5×sin j. j.×sin j./180 cos j./p = = 0,00446.

䳿

= 18665(0,0009+0,00446) = 100 .

=

=18 665×15,2510-3(0,00025+0,00091,34200,00446)= ‑0,8540 ×.

䳿

=

.

:

smax = s/ a + s aj = 71,733+49,375 = 121,107 ;

smin = s/ a + s a c = 71,7337,587 = 64,146 .

:

s m = 0,5(smax + smin) = 0,5(121,107+64,146) = 92,63 ;

s a = 0,5(smax smin) = 0,5(121,107‑64,146) = 28,48 ;

s a = s a k s / (e e) = 28,481,272/(0,860,7) = 60,18 .

s a /s m = 60,18/92,63 = 0,650 < (bsas)/(1bs) = 3,920, -

n s = s /(s + s m) = 420/(60,18+92,63) = 2,749.

2,5...5,0.

2.2

. 2.4 d = (0,56...0,75) D = 46 ; t = (0,03...0,05) d = 1,5 ; = (1,30...1,75) d = 66 ; l = (0,45...0,95) d = 28 .

䳿 - .

,

- m = 0,275 m = 0,2750,855 = 0,235 ,

m = 0,725 m = 0,7250,855 = 0,620 .

m = (0,20...0,28) m = 0,2250,855 = 0,192 .

- (. 2.1)

=

= 628,322×35×[(0,553+0,235)(1+0,265)+(0,6200,192)]103 = 19 676 .

r 1 = 0,5(d +2 t ) = 0,5(46+21,5) = 24,5 .

= 28(0,5×6624,5)2/6 = 337,2 3.

J = l × t 3 =28×1,53 = 94,5 4; J = l (0,5 r 1)3=28(0,5×6624,5)3 = 17 196 4.

A = l ×0,5( d ) = 28×0,5(6646) = 280,0 2.

=

= 19 676[0,023×66/((1+94,5/17 196)337,2)+0,4/280,0] = 116,21 .

s 100...300 .

2.3

L = R/ l = 35/0,265 = 132,1 . . 2.5 B-B (. 2.1) : h min = (0,50...0,55) d = 18 ; h = = (1,2...1,4) h min = 24 ; b = (0,5...0,6) l = 16 ; a = 2,5... 4,0 , a =3,5 ; t = 2,5... 4,0 = 3,5 .

- 䳿 ( ) n = n.

,

=

= (5,610,1)5 026,50,788×35×607,372×(1+0,265)10-3= 14 827 ,

mj = m + m =0,553+0,235=0,788 .

,

=

=0,12×5 026,50,788×35×607,372×(1+0,265)103= ‑12 266 ,

pr ‑ , pr = 0,12 .

A = h b (b a )(h 2 t )=2416 (16 ‑ 3,5)(24 ‑ 23,5) = 171,5 2.

- -

=[(16×243(163,5)(242×3,5)3]/12 = 13 314 4.

- y-y

=[24×163(242×3,5)(163,5)3]/12 = 5 425,1 4.

s = s = 800 .

,

= 1+800×132,12×171,5/(3,142×2,2×105×13 314) = 1,0828.

L 1 = L 0,5(d+ 2 r 1) = 132,1‑0,5(26+2 24,5) = 94,6 .

,

= 1+800×94,62×171,5/(43,142×2,2×105×5 425,1) = 1,0260.

:

=1,0828×14 827/171,5 = 93,613 ;

,

= 1,0260×14 827/171,5 = 88,707 .

smax x smax y : 160...250 , 200...350 .

̳ - Fp

= 12 266/171,5 = 71,522 .

s mx = 0,5(smax + smin) = 0,5(93,613+(71,522)) = 11,05 ;

s my = 0,5(smax y + smin) = 0,5(88,707+(71,522)) = 8,59 ;

s ax = 0,5(smax smin) = 0,5(93,613(71,522)) = 82,567 ;

s ay = 0,5(smax y smin) = 0,5(88,707(71,522)) = 80,114 ;

s a x = s ax k s / (ee) = 82,567×1,27/(0,88×1,3) = 92,33 ;

s a y = s ay k s / (ee) = 80,114×1,27/(0,88×1,3) = 89,59 .

k s = 1,27 . 2.1. e = 0,88 h = 24 (. .5). e = 1,3 ( , . .7).

s x / s mx = 92,33/ 11,05 = 8,359 > (bsas)/(1bs) = 0,720,

s y / s my = 89,59/ 8,59 = 10,426 > (bsas)/(1bs) = 0,720,

n s x = s1p /(s x +as s mx) = 210/(92,33+0,1411,05) = 2,237,

n s y = s1p /(s y +as s my) = 210/(89,59+0,148,59) = 2,313.

nx ny 1,5.

2.4

(. 2.2) , , Fj p = 19 676 . : d = 11 ; t = 1 ; = 2, 40. (. .2): s = 900 ; s T = 800 ; - s1 = 290 ; - as = 0,16.

bs = s1/s = 290/800 = 0,363; (bsas)/(1bs) = (0,363‑0,16)/(1‑0,363) = 0,318.

F = (2...3) Fj p/ i = 2,2×19 676/2 = 21 643 .

( =0,2)

F = F + Fj p/ i = 21 643+0,2×19 676/2 = 23 611 .

d = d 1,4 t = 111,4×1 = 9,6 .

,

= 4×23 611/(3,14×9,62) = 326,19 ,

= 4×21 643/(3,14×9,62) = 299,01 .

k s = 1 + q (a s 1) = 1+0,8(4,41) = 3,72,

as = 4,4 ‑ (, . I.6 . I),

q = 0,8 ‑ ( s = 900 as = 4,4, . 75 [1]).

: e = 0,99 (d = 11 , . I.5), e = 0,8 ( , . I.7).

:

s m = 0,5(smax+smin) = 0,5(326,19+299,01) = 312,60 ;

s a = 0,5(smaxsmin)= 0,5(326,19299,01) = 13,591 ;

s a = s a k s / (ee) = 13,591×3,72/(0,99×0,8) = 63,84 .

s /s m = 63,84/312,60 = 0,20 < (bsas)/(1bs) = 0,318, :

n s = s T /(s +s m) = 800 /(63,84+312,60) = 2,125.

2.

3 ˲

. 3.1 : 1) (. . 2.2) d = (0,550,7) D = 46 , l = (0,45...0,65) d = 30 , d = 14 ; 2) d = (0,6...0,8) D = 52 ; l = (0,5...0,6) d = 30 ; d. = 10 ; 3) ‑ b = (1,0...1,25) D = 80 ; h = (0,2...0,22) D = 19 ; 4) r = (0,0350,08) d = 3 ; 5) l = = (1,2...1,28) D,

l = l + l +2 h = 30+30+219 = 98 .

. 3.1. R = 35 .

‑ 45 (. .3): s = 670 ; s T = 340 t T = 220 ; s1 = 290
t1 = 170 ; as = 0,15 at = 0,05.

bs = s1/s = 290/340 = 0,853 (bsas)/(1bs) = (0,8530,15)/(10,853) = 4,780.

bt = t1/t T = 170/220 = 0,773 (btat)/(1bt) = (0,7730,05)/(10,773) = 3,180.

. 2.12.3 pz = 5,61 w e = 607,37 /; A = 5 026,5 2; , -, mj = 0,788 ; , , m = 0,620 ; l = 0,265, = 9.

3.1

, 䳺 ( )

F max = [ mj (1 + l)+ m ] R w e 210-3=[0,788(1 + 0,265)+0,620] 35 607,37210-3=20868 .

:

, ( )

F = (0,550,65) F max= 0,6120 868 = 12 730 ;

, ( )

F = (0,30,4) F = 0,412 730 = 5 092 ;

F max = (2,52,7) F = 2,65 092 = 13 239 .

l/ = l 2 r = 3023 = 24 ; l/ = l 2 r =30‑23= 24 .

k = F / (d . l/ ) = 12 730/(4624)= 11,530 ;

k max = F max / (d . l/ ) = 20 868/(4624)= 18,902 ;

k = F / (d . l/ ) = 5 092/(5224)= 4,080 ;

k max = F max / (d . l/ )= 13 239/(5224)= 10,608 .

4...15 , ‑ 7...20 .

3.2

.

6-
5- 6- . 5-

=

=((0,335,61+0,156)5026,5+(0,50551,9750,265)1030,788607,37235)×

×10335 = 346,8 ͷ;

=

= (0,645026,5+(0,4915+1,990,265)1030,788607,37235)10335 = 475,4 ͷ;

T 5max = 475,4 ͷ.

̳ 5-

=

=(0,0455026,5 ‑3,2581030,2650,788607,37235)10335 = ‑299,5 ͷ.

г 5- Δ T 5 = T 5max T 5min = 475,4 (299,5) = 774,9 ͷ.

6-

=

= (0,25026,5+(0,433+3,950,265)1030,788607,37235)10335 = 562,1 ͷ.

̳ 6-

=

= (0,0385026,5+(0,433‑3,8250,265)1030,788607,37235)10335 = 200,1 ͷ;

=

= (((0,485+0,139)(1+0,8750,265)‑0,09)5026,5‑(0,433+3,950,265)103×

×0,788607,37235)10335 = 184,1 ͷ;

T 6min = 200,1 ͷ.

г 6- Δ T 6 = T 6max T 6min = 562,1( 200,1) = 762,2 ͷ.

Δ T 5 = 774,9 ͷ > Δ T 6 = 762,2 ͷ, 5-

T max= T 5max = 475,4 ×; T min= T 5min = 299,5 ×.

W t = p d 3 [1 (d / d )4]/16 = 3,14×523×[1(10/52)4]/16 = 27 571 3.

=475,4103/27 571 = 17,242 ;

= 299,5103/27 571 = 10,863 .

t m = 0,5(tmax + tmin) = 0,5(17,242+(10,863)) = 3,189 ,

t a = 0,5(tmax tmin) = 0,5(17,242‑(10,863)) = 14,052 ,

t a = t a k t/(et e) = 14,052×1,44/(0,7150,8) = 35,377 ,

k t = 0,6(1+ q (as1)) = 0,6(1+0,7(31)) = 1,44,

as = 3 ‑ ( , . .6),

q = 0,7 ‑ ( s = 670 as = 3, . 75 [1]),

et = 0,715 ‑ (d = 52 , . .5), e = 0,8 ‑ (, . .7).

t /t m = 35,377/3,189 = 11,092 > (btat)/(1bt) = 3,180,

n t = t1/(t +att m) = 170/(35,377+0,053,189) = 4,784.

3...5.

3.3

.

:

T max= (0,780,82) T max= 0,81475,4 = 385,0 ×;

T min= (0,860,91) T min= 0,9(299,5) = 269,5 ×.

W t = p d 3 [1 (d / d )4]/16 = 3,14×463×[1(14/46)4]/16 = 18 948 3.

=385,0103/18 948 = 20,321 ;

= 269,5103/18 948 = 14,226 .

t m = 0,5(tmax + tmin) = 0,5(20,321+(14,226)) = 3,048 ,

t a = 0,5(tmax tmin) = 0,5(20,321‑(14,226)) = 17,274 ,

t a = t a k t/(et e) = 17,274×1,44/(0,7440,8) = 41,791 ,

et = 0,744 ‑ (d =46 , . .5), k t, e .

t /t m = 41,791/3,048 = 13,712 > (btat)/(1bt) = 3,180, 䳿

n t = t1/(t +att m) = 170/(41,791+0,053,048) = 4,053.

Te = 3∙104 Ne /(p ne) = 3∙104×83/(3,14×5800) = 136,7 ͷ.

, ,

j max = (0,370,41) Te = 0,37136,7 = 50,6 ×;

j min = (3,54) Te = 3,5136,7 = 478,3 ×.

W s . = 0,5 W t . = 0,5×18 948 =9 474 3.

smax = j max103 /W s = 50,6103/9 474 = 5,337 ;

smin = j min103 /W s = 478,3103/9 474 = 50,485 .

k s = 1+ q (a s1) = 1+0,7(31) = 2,4,

as = 3, q = 0,7 e = 0,8 (. 3.2), ‑ . es = 0,77 (d = 46 , . .5).

s m = 0,5(smax+smin) = 0,5(5,337+(50,485)) = 22,574 ;

s a = 0,5(smax smin) = 0,5(5,337‑(50,485)) = 27,911 ;

s a = s ak s/(ese) = 27,911×2,4/(0,77×0,8) = 108,743 .

s /|s m | = 108,743/|22,574| = 4,817 > (bsas)/(1bs) = 4,780, - 䳿

n s = s1/(s +as|s m |) = 290 /(108,743+0,15|22,574|) = 2,586.

䳿

.

2...3.

3.4

, ‑.

, ,

T max = (0,81) Te = 0,95136,7=129,8 ×;

T min = (0,80,95) Te = 0,9136,7= 123,0 ×.

= 0,284 b/h = 80/19 = 4,211 . 3.2.

W t = bh 2 = 0,284×80×192 = 8 202 3.

tmax = T max103 /W t = 129,8103/8 202 = 15,828 ;

tmin = T min103 /W t = 123,0103/8 202 = 14,995 .

as = 1,4 (. .6) r / h = 3/19 = 0,1579, q = 0,6 s = 670 as = 1,4 (. 75 [1]).

k t = 0,6(1+ q (a s1)) = 0,6(1+0,6(1,4 ‑ 1)) = 0,744.

et = 0,648 b = 80 (. .5). e = 0,6 (. .7).

t m = 0,5(tmax+tmin) = 0,5(15,828+(14,995)) = 0,417 ;

t a = 0,5(tmaxtmin) =0,5(15,828 ‑(14,995)) = 15,412 ;

t a = t ak t/(et e) = 15,412×0,744/(0,6480,6) = 29,491 .

t / t m = 29,491/ 0,417 = 70,802 > (btat)/(1bt) = 3,180, 䳿

n t =t1 /(t +at t m





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