|
| ,
| ,
| ,
| |
| | 2
|
|
| | N2
|
|
| | 2
|
|
| | ( ()2)
| : ()2 + 2 = 3↓ + 2.
:
3 + 2 + 2 = (3)2
| | 2
|
|
| | F2
| -
| ,
| | Cl2
| -
| - ,
| | NO2
| -
| ,
| | SO2
| -
|
| | , MnO4
| →
2KMnO4 + 3SO2 + 2H2O = 2MnO2↓ + K2SO4 + 2H2SO4
| | H2S
| -
|
| | NH3
| -
|
| | HCl
| : NH3() + HCl() = NH4Cl( )
| |
| | +
|
|
| |
|
| | NH4+
| OH-, t
| ,
NH4+ + OH- = NH3↑ + H2O
: NH3 + H2O = NH4OH ↔ NH4+ + OH-
| | Ag+
| Cl-
| ,
Ag+ + Cl- = AgCl↓
| | OH-
| : 2Ag+ + 2OH- = Ag2O↓ + H2O
| | Li+
|
| -
| | Na+
|
|
| | +
|
|
| | 2+
|
| -
| | F-
| : 2+ + 2F- = CaF2↓
| | CO32-
| : 2+ + 32- = 3↓
| | Sr2+
|
| -
| | 2+
|
| -
| | SO42-
| , : 2+ + SO42- = BaSO4↓
| | Cu2+
|
|
| | OH-
| : Cu2+ + 2- = Cu()2↓
| | NH4OH
| - :
Cu2+ + 4NH4OH = [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 4H2O
| | u+
| OH-
| : Cu+ + - = Cu↓
| | Fe2+
| OH-
| : Fe2+ + 2- = Fe()2↓
| |
K3[Fe(CN)6]
| - ( )
3Fe2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]3- = Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓
| | Fe3+
| OH-
| : Fe3+ + 3- = Fe()3↓
| |
K4[Fe(CN)6]
| - ( )
4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4- = Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓
| | - SCN-
| -
Fe3+ + 6SCN- = [Fe(SCN)6]3-
| | Al3+
| OH-
| , : Al3+ + 3- = Al()3↓
Al()3 + OH- = [Al(OH)4]-
| | 2+
| OH-
| , : 2+ + 2- = ()2↓
| | Ni2+
| OH-
| - : Ni2+ + 2- = Ni()2↓
| | Cr2+
| OH-
| : Cr2+ + 2- = Cr()2↓
| | Cr3+
| OH-
| - : Cr3+ + 3- = Cr()3↓
| |
| | -
|
| , ,
| | NO3-
| Cu, H2SO4 (.), t
| : + + NO3- = HNO3
3Cu + 8HNO3 = 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO↑ + 4H2O
2NO + O2 = 2NO2↑
(Cu + NO3- + 2H+ = Cu2+ + NO2 + H2O)
| | F-
| Ca2+
| : 2+ + 2F- = CaF2↓
| | Cl-
| Ag+
| , , : Ag+ + Cl- = AgCl↓
AgCl + 2NH4OH = [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O
| | Br-
| Ag+
| , : Ag+ + Br- = AgBr↓
AgBr + 2NH4OH = [Ag(NH3)2]Br + 2H2O
| | I-
| Ag+
| , : Ag+ + I- = AgI↓
| | SO42-
| Ba2+
| , : 2+ + SO42- = BaSO4↓
| | SO32-
| H+
| : SO32- + 2H+ = SO2↑ + H2O
| | S2-
| H+
| : S2- + 2H+ = H2S↑
| | Pb2+
| : S2- + Pb2+ = PbS↓
| | 32-
| H+
| : O32- + 2H+ = O2↑ + H2O
| | SiO32-
| H+
| : SiO32- + 2H+ = H2SiO3↓
| | CH3COO-
| H+, t
| : 3- + + = 3
| | PO43-
| Ag+
| - : 43- + 3Ag+ = Ag3PO4↓
| | CrO42-
| Ba2+
| : CrO42- + 2+ = CrO4↓
| |
| | CH2=CH2
(
(=, ≡) )
| MnO4
| : 3CH2=CH2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O → 3CH2OHCH2OH + 2MnO2 + 2KOH
| | ( Br2 )
| :
CH2=CH2 + Br2 → CH2BrCH2Br
| | 25
| CuO, t
| , , , (): 25 + CuO → 3CO + Cu + H2O
| |
35()3
| u(OH)2↓
| -
35()3 + Cu(OH)2 → 35(O2Cu) + H2O
| | 65
| ( Br2 )
| :
65 + 3Br2 → C6H2Br3OH↓ + 3HBr
| | FeCl3
| :
665 + FeCl3 → [Fe(65)3(65)3] + 3HCl
| | HCOH
| u(OH)2↓, t
| :
HCOH + 2u(OH)2↓ → HCOOH + Cu2O↓ + 2H2O
| | [Ag(NH3)2]OH, t
| :
HCOH + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH → HCOOH + 2Ag + H2O + 4NH3
| | CH3COOH
|
|
| |
| Na2CO3
| : O32- + 2H+ = O2↑ + H2O
| |
| FeCl3
| -
| | HCOOH
|
|
| | Na2CO3
| : O32- + 2H+ = O2↑ + H2O
| | u(OH)2↓, t
| :
HCOH + 2u(OH)2↓ → CO2 + Cu2O↓ + 3H2O
| | [Ag(NH3)2]OH, t
| :
HCOH + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH → CO2 + 2Ag + 2H2O + 4NH3
| | KMnO4, H+
| :
5HCOOH + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → 5CO2 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
| | 1735OONa
( )
| +
| :
1735OONa + + → 1735OO + Na+
| | 1733OOH
| ( Br2 )
| :
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH + Br2 →
CH3(CH2)7CHBrCHBr(CH2)7COOH
| | MnO4
| : 3CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O → 3CH3(CH2)7CHOHCHOH(CH2)7COOH + 2MnO2 + 2KOH
| | C6H12O6
()
| u(OH)2↓
| - , →
| | [Ag(NH3)2]OH, t
| :
5H115OH + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH → 5H115OH + 2Ag + H2O + 4NH3
| | (C6H10O5)n
()
| ( I2 )
| -
| | C6H5NH2
()
| ( Br2 )
| :
65NH2 + 3Br2 → C6H2Br3NH2↓ + 3HBr
| | ()
| HNO3
| ( , )
| | u(OH)2↓
| ( , )
| | Pb(CH3COO)2
| : =S + Pb2+ → PbS↓ ( , )
|
: 2016-07-29; !; : 482 |
:
:
2179 -  | 1913 - 
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