1. is busy and does not come to see us. If...
2. The student did not study well last year and received bad marks. If...
3. He speaks English badly: he has no practice. If...
4. I had a bad headache yesterday, that's why I did not come to see you. If...
5. I was expecting my friend to come, that's why I could not go to the university with you. If...
6. He always gets top marks in mathematics because it is his favourite subject and he works a lot at it. If...
7. I did not translate the article yesterday because I had no dictionary. If...
8. The box was so heavy that I could not carry it. That's why I took a taxi. If...
9. Open the brackets using the correct form of conditional after I wish.
1. I wish I (to consult) the lecturer when I first felt that physics was too difficult for me.
2. I wish I (not to lend) Nick my watch: he has broken it.
3. I wish you (to send) an email as soon as you arrive.
4. I wish I (not to have) to do my homework every day.
5. I wish I (to know) Spanish.
6. I wish I (not to drink) so much coffee in the evening: I could not sleep half the night. Don't you wish you (to see) that performance before?
10. Paraphrase the following sentences using I wish.
Model: It's a pity you are not here.
I wish vou were here.
1. The student was sorry he had not studied the material better and had shown such poor knowledge at the examination.
2. It's a pity you are not with us these days.
3. It's a pity we won't be able to finish the experiment before the deadline.
4. I am sorry I made you upset by telling you this news.
5. What a pity you don't know enough physics!
6. My friend regrets not having entered the university.
7. He was sorry not to have had enough time to finish his test paper.
8. It's a pity that you did not call us last night.
Write an essay summarizing and describing new future trends in electronics and related sciences.
UNIT 10
ELECTRONICS IN THE FUTURE
Lead-in
What up-to-date electronic gadgets do you know? Which of them would you like to have?
What will be electronics look like in 100 years?
What fields of science will electronics influence most?
Practise pronunciation of the following words and underline the stressed syllable. Translate the words into Ukrainian.
Sulphide, phenylenevinylene, no doubt, light, eventually, analogous, feasible, chemically, program (v), formerly, fulfilled, whatever, contribution.
Memorize the following words and word combinations. Make up your own examples.
| 1. | inorganic compounds | |
| 2. | cadmium sulphide | |
| 3. | to be under investigation | |
| 4. | film | |
| 5. | emit | ; |
| 6. | greenish | |
| 7. | advance(s) | ; ; |
| 8. | no doubt | |
| 9. | eventually | , |
| 10. | seek | ; |
| 11. | feasible | , |
| 12. | fabricating | , |
| 13. | chemically assembled electronic nanocomputers (CAEN) | |
| 14. | to interface | 璺 ; |
| 15. | versatile | , ; |
| 16. | stratum | , |
| 17. | take over | |
| 18. | superior | , |
3. Read the text. What advances in electronics does the author describe?
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ELECTRONICS IN THE FUTURE
At present, the semiconductors in use in electronics are elements (silicon, germanium) or inorganic compounds (cadmium sulphide, gallium arsenide). Now the semiconducting properties of some of the organic compounds are under investigation. For example, it has been shown that a film of phenylenevinylene emits a greenish yellow light when a p.d. of 1.5 V is applied across it. This organic LED has very low efficiency, but research is showing ways of increasing this. Advances in this field will no doubt lead to the discovery of new organic semiconductors and eventually to a range of components based on this new technology.
Another branch of electronic research seeks to produce the smallest possible components, consisting of single molecules. The behaviour of certain kinds of molecules is analogous to the behaviour of semiconductor materials. It is feasible that we could design and build molecules that will perform the same functions as transistors and other semiconducting devices. Molecular electronics, as it is called, would allow circuits to be made very much smaller than is possible with techniques for fabricating integrated circuits from semiconductors.
One line of research is aimed at producing chemically assembled electronic nanocomputers, or CAENs.
Electron electronics is the name given to the technology of devices that operate using single electrons. These could be the smallest and the fastest of all future components. Not only would they be fast, but they would permit the highest possible density of data storage. There will also be many problems to overcome how to connect the single-electron devices together, and how to interface them to the outside world.
Now that microprocessors and microcontrollers are so versatile and cheap, the design and testing of a new system is easy. If there is a function to be performed and there is no IC ready-made to perform it, take a general-purpose microcontroller, equip it with the necessary electronic sensors and output devices, then program it to perform that function. Once this stratum of electronic circuit design has been reached, there is less need for new circuit designs and new ICs.
Software is taking over many of the functions formerly fulfilled by complex electronic circuits. For example, instead of using capacitors and inductors to build an audio filter, we can perform the same task by letting a computer or microcontroller operate in real time on the digitized audio signal, and with superior performance.
It seems that the principal contribution of electronics in the foreseeable future will be to provide the means for building up massive computing power. But, whatever the future holds, it is clear that electronics will continue to play a major part in all of our lives.
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