General
First of all, you need to clearly distinguish between the economic benefits and cost-effectiveness of new techniques and technologies.
The economic impact - is the end result of the application of technology noveshestva measured absolute values. They can be gains, reduce material and labor costs, the growth in production volumes and product quality, expressed in value and other indicators.
Economic efficiency - a measure defined by the ratio of economic benefit and cost gave rise to this effect, that is, or is associated with the size of the resulting profits, or gains in national income or gross domestic product (at the level of the country) with capital investments for the implementation of technical measures.
The effectiveness of the introduction of new technology should be to increase the number of products required for the company; improvement of its quality; increase in speed, the reliability of the transmitted information; the reliability of communication; improving the quality of customer service; increase in profits; increase profitability.
Calculations of economic efficiency of introduction of new technology designed to select the economic effect at low cost.
Economic efficiency of introduction of new technology is called the economic results of its applied.
The concept of new equipment includes new means of communication, means of mechanization and automation of production processes and networks, new and modernizirivannye mechanisms, instruments, structures, new and improved types of materials, new and more effective in comparison with the applicable both home and abroad, production processes and methods of production.
Therefore, baseline effectiveness of the implementation of new technology in the common system should be: performance increase of transmitted information; the efficiency of productive assets; indicators of quality products; quality of service indicators.
In all cases, these figures should be obligatory optimality criterion chooses new technology.
For one-time costs and ongoing include: capital costs; the cost of production; payback of capital costs.
Investments
Capital costs are determined by a one-time:
C = P + CTR + CINS + CLS (6.1)
Where P - price of the equipment; CTR - the cost of transporting the equipment to the place of use; CINS - the cost of installation of the system hardware; CLS - the cost of linear structures and transmission system.
This section is a table-name, the price and the total cost of equipment (Table 6.1).
Capital expenditures - economic effect of the introduction of new technology. To determine the total capital investment required for the implementation of new equipment and other new technology, you need to know the price of this equipment.
Indicators of capital costs for new equipment and in terms of the current production is compared by means of specific capital investments per unit of output is targeted.
Capital cost is calculated taking into account the general capital investments:
|
Where Ce - capital investment to purchase equipment; Cins - capital investment of installation of the system on site; Ctr - capital investment in the transport costs (5-10% of the cost of the equipment), Cc - capital investment for construction.
Table 6.1 - Investments
| № | Name material, equipment | Unit of measurement | Amount | The cost per unit, tenge | The estimated cost, tenge |
| Section A | |||||
| Hardware DTS | block | 5000,0 | 10000,0 | ||
| Equipment unattended regeneration points | block | 120,0 | 120,0 | ||
| Total for Section A | 10120,0 | ||||
| Section B | |||||
| Optical cable | km | 462,0 | 115962,0 | ||
| Total for Section B | 115962,0 | ||||
| Total Section A + B | 126082,0 | ||||
| Building installation work (From section B-value of 60%) | % | 69577,2 | |||
| Transportation costs (4% of the sections A + B) | % | 5043,3 | |||
| Installation and Setup (section A-10%) | % | 1000,0 | |||
| Total: | 201702,5 |
Operating costs
Annual operating costs are made up of the following cost items:
1. Wage state operating activities with deductions on social tax;
2. depreciation charges;
3. The cost of materials and spare parts;
4. Costs for electricity for industrial needs;
5. Other industrial and administrative expenses.
For the construction of fiber optic link on a site-KOCshetau Stepnogorsk require staff of 7 people (according to standards) (Table 6.2).
Table 6.2 - State Calculation
| № | Job title | Number of units | Discharge | The salary of the job, tenge | The amount for the year, thousand tenge |
| Engineer | 480,0 | ||||
| Cable Jointer | 840,0 | ||||
| Cable Jointer | 1584,0 | ||||
| Total: | 2904,0 |
2. Social tax:
Zst = (Zosn*11%) /(100) (6.4)
Where Zosn - monthly state fee for a year, thousand tenge.
Zst = 2904,0*11% /100=319,4, thous. tenge
3. Depreciation for the year (7% of the investment):
А = (Сtot*7%)/(100) (6.5)
Where Сtot - investment tenge.
Аline = 126082,0*7% /100 =8825,7, thous. Tenge
Ast=74620,5*10%/100=7462
A=8825,7+7462=16287,7
4. The property tax (1% of the residual value):
Н=(Сtot – А)*1% /100 (6.6)
Н=(126082-8825,7)*1% =1172,56, thous. tenge
5. Other expenses (4% of the above).
Make up 827.34 thous. tenge.
Table 6.3 - Operating costs
| № | Name of cost items | Unit measurement | Expenses for the year |
| Wage fund | thous. tenge | 2904,0 | |
| Allocations for social tax | thous. tenge | 319,4 | |
| Materials | thous. tenge | 500,0 | |
| Depreciation deductions | thous. tenge | 16287,7 | |
| Property tax | thous. tenge | 1172,56 | |
| Other expenses | thous. tenge | 827,34 | |
| Total: | thous. tenge |
Operating income
Revenue calculations are made according to the formula:
| (6.7) |
Where 
- the range of services, 
- outgoing payments by type of exchange, 
- middle-income rate for the i-th type of communication services.
Calculation of income includes:
- Income from the connection of new subscribers;
- Income from subscription fees;
- Revenues from long-distance and international calls;
- Income from the rental channel, etc.
Then the total income is determined:
D tot = 12*(D1 +………… Dn)+ Dед. (6.8)
Revenues anticipated in the 1st year of operation are given in Table 6.4. In this project, income is calculated according to the simplified form, ie. E. Will take into account only revenues from leased lines.
Table 6.4 - Revenue
| № | Name | Amount | Rates include VAT, thousand tenge | Sum, thousand tenge (in a year) |
| Hire outside organizations channels | 0,25 (per hour) | 21600,0 | ||
| Total: | 21600,0 |
Gain on sale of services
Profit from the sale of the enterprise communication services is defined as the difference between income from operations (or private enterprise) and operating costs, ie:
P = Dc - C
Gains (losses) are not related to the implementation of the main activities and call and bottom line may be a result of the sale of surplus property and other one-time services.
Other income may include: interest, dividends on securities owned by the company, the income from the lease of property and others.
The profit remaining after payments to the budget in the form of tax, will be the net income of the enterprise.
Profit is defined as:
P = Dod - Stot (6.9)
P = 21600,0- 4723,65 = 16876,35, thous. tenge
P = 16,876.35, thous.tenge including the VAT 2295.18 thous.tenge
Pcl = P - corporate tax (6.10)
The income tax is 20% (1st year), then:
Pcl = 14581,17 – 2916,23 = 11664,94, thous. tenge
Payback period
For the calculation of the economic efficiency of capital investments following expression may be used that through absolute payback:
Т = (C + Cawc) / (Dод - S) (6.11)
or
Т = Cci / Eine Т< Тn (6.12)
Where C, Cci - capital investment in fixed assets; Cawc - the amount of working capital (5% C); T - period of payback, years; Tn - standard payback period (Tn = 20 years).
As a rule, capital expenditure on the acquisition and implementation of new equipment, pay off the additional profit received from the sale of goods produced by this new technique, by increasing their prices while improving the quality of the goods, either by reducing production costs, the cost of these products, which provides a new more cost-effective equipment. Thus, the effect can be calculated as the difference in price:
Eine = (Pn – Po) Q (6.13)
Where Pn - a new unit price of higher quality; Po - old unit price; Q - volume of sales for the year; Eine - year of the introduction of new equipment, tenge.
Comparison of Cci and Eine allows you to calculate the payback period of the new equipment and return on each ruble money spent now on new equipment.
The coefficient of efficiency of the new equipment cost (index, reverse payback period):
Е = Eine / Cci = 1/Т (6.14)
The last indicator is often called the coefficient of return on capital investments in new equipment.
Payback is determined by:
Тkp =C/ Pcl (6.15)
Тkp = 11621,08/ 11664,94 = 0,99 =1, year
Profitability
In general, the effectiveness of any enterprise can be evaluated with the help of absolute and relative performance. Thus, an absolute measure is profit. However, this figure does not represent the full production efficiency. It reflects the utilization of resources, by which this profit obtained. Therefore, as the criterion of economic efficiency of production and the degree of profitability used by the relative size of profits, called the level of profitability.
Profitability is defined as the ratio of profit to the cost of fixed assets according to the formula:
Р = (Dод - S)/(C + Cawc)*100% (6.16)
Where on 01.03.09, the company Cawc up - 208,539.39 thous.tenge.
Р = 16876,35 /(11621,08+ 208539,39)=0,07
Profitability services (products) can be defined as the ratio of profit from the sale of (Preal) to operational expenditure E (cost of services).
Pe = Preal * 100/E (6.17)
Рe =11664,94 * 100/4723,65= 246,94
6.5 - Technical and economic indicators
| № | Indicators | Unit measurement | Sum |
| Investments | thous.tenge | 11621,08 | |
| Operating costs | thous.tenge | 4723,65 | |
| Earnings | thous.tenge | 21600,0 | |
| Net profit | thous.tenge | 11664,94 | |
| Payback | yaer |
Conclusion
Due to its high technical and economic indicators, digital fiber optic transmission systems are becoming more widespread.
In this thesis project the issues of construction of fiber optic portion of Stepnogorsk - KOCshetau The draft also proposed to build a network using the SDM-1 ECI Telecom's line equipment (Israel), which ensures reliability and high quality fiber optic performance.
The design calculations were made of the communication channels, and a portion of the length of the main parameters of regeneration of the optical fiber. It is the choice of fiber optic cable and the calculation of its most important characteristics.
Is a fiber optic pad description, technical characteristics of the proposed equipment SDH.
The project addressed issues of occupational health and safety as well as environmental issues.
Composed of a feasibility study of the project, which characterizes the economic feasibility of the project.
As a result, the project is expected to increase capacity and improve the quality of communication in this area. As a result, we should expect the growth in revenues from providing telecommunications services in the Akmola region.
Application A
Additional information K-60
- Nominal attenuation at frequency amplifying section 252 kHz at a maximum temperature of soil dB...................................... 51
- The difference between the attenuation constant slope circuit in a chain of environmental protection on the frequencies 247 kHz and 17 dB............. 13
- The difference between the linear attenuation equalizer frequencies
247 KHz and 17 dB........................... 17.0; 18.6; 20.2; 22; 23.6; 25
- Linear attenuation equalizer at the frequency of 252 kHz, dB...........1
- Damping of two linear transformers, dB........................... 1
- Trunk equalizers:
1) the distance between them away..............................60-8
2) attenuation at 252 kHz frequency, dB.............................3
- Artificial line:
- The equivalent cable length, km................................3; 6
1) attenuation in dB at a frequency of 252 kHz IL3...................7.4
IL6................ 14.9
IL3-IL6.............22.3
2) attenuation in dB at a frequency of 12 kHz IL3....................2.2
IL6................. 4.3
IL3-IL6..............6.5
- The range of variation gain ground AGC when the temperature changes
on 20°С (from -2 to + 18°С, from -10 to + 10°С, from +10 to + 30 ° C), dB; for balanced trunk cable at frequencies of 12 kHz.......................1
252 kHz.................... 2.1
- AGC adjust limits on control frequency, dB:
1) for the two-frequency amplifiers with AGC:
flat (248 kHz).................................................... ± 4
oblique (12 kHz)................................................. ± 3.5
2) for the three-frequency amplifiers with AGC:
flat (248 kHz).....................................................± 4
inclined (12kHz)................................................. ± 3.5
curved (80kGts)..................................................± 3.5
- Error frequency AGC dB.................................... ± 0.5
- Accuracy of the temperature AGC dB..........................± 0.2
- The maximum gain of the amplifier stations on frequency 252 kHz
at the maximum AGC regulators, dB:
1) for the UAI..................................................... 55
2) to the SAI, OP...................................................61
- Minimum gain amplifier stations on the frequency of 252 kHz, dB:
1) for the UAI..................................................... 45
2) to the SAI, OP...................................................49
- Psophometric average noise power, pW, at zero
relative level introduced into the channels of the PM system:
linear path at the transmission distance of 2500 km...................... 7500
equipment two terminal stations with the bass end of the channel
Bass and transit facilities............................................500
HF transit equipment (for primary groups)..............................200
- Allocating channels equipment (4, 12, and 24 channels) in a path:
direct passage......................................................30
isolating and introducing four channels................................ 350
- Power noise level in the spectrum of the channel PM
(248-252 kHz), powered by input line amplifier in dB:
UAI and SAI -2................................................. -132
SAI -3 and OP................................................... -129
Figure 1 – Scheme of frequency transformation of K-60P transmission system
Figure 2 - The road Stepnogorsk - KOCshetau
Application B
Figure 1 - Block diagram of a synchronous multiplexer SDM-1
Application C
Proposals for selection Timing sources SDH network.
There is a list of recommendations ITU sets standards for most timings: G.803, G.810, G.811, G.812, G.823, G.824.
The main components of the circuit SDH synchronization are:
- a primary reference clock generator - PRC determines the long-term stability of the frequency synchronization;
- secondary (slave) oscillator - SSU (Synchronization Supply Unit), a clock signal regenerating circuit after passing the network elements and serves as a temporary substitute for part of the network in case of failure or loss of connection PRC therewith;
- internal clock in SDH network elements - SETS (SDH Equipment Timing Source), provides greater flexibility in the choice of signals for synchronization.
These clock sources have the following characteristics.
There are two types of PRC - Autonomous and RC on the GPS satellite navigation system (ITU G.811):
- output interface 2048 MHz and 2048 kbit / s (ITU Recommendation G.703);
- own accuracy: ± 1×10E-11.
The secondary (slave) clock generator SSU - the second level of the quality of the synchronization equipment hierarchy. Its characteristics (ITU Recommendation G.812):
- input interface 2048 MHz, 2048 kbit / s (ITU Recommendation G.703);
- output interface 2048 MHz and 2048 kbit / s (ITU Recommendation G.703);
- own accuracy: 2×10E-9... 3×10E-7.
SDH synchronization source in SETS equipment connected to the input or output signals through interfaces of the network element, or transmitting payload synchronization interfaces.
Features (ITU Recommendation G.813):
- clock inputs:
- T1 source - SDH, (STM-N) (G.707);
- T2 power - PDH, 2048 kbit / s (G.703 / 704);
- T3, the source - clock 2048 MHz or 2048 kbit / s (G.703 / 704);
- clock outputs:
a) T4, external synchronization signal 2048 MHz (G.703);
b) T4, 2048 kbit / s (G.703 / 704).
- own accuracy: ± 4,6 ∙ minimal 10E-6.
SETS Block diagram shown in Figure 1.
| Internal clock generator SETS |
| T1 |
| T3 |
| T4 |
| T0 |
| T1 |
| T2 |
| T1 интерфейс |
| T0 интерфейс |
| T2 |
| T0 |
| interface T0 |
| Interface T1 |
| external synchronization interface |
| Receive |
| Transfer |
| PDH |
| External clock 2048 кГц |
| Receive |
| Transfer |
| STM-N |
| Transfer |
| Receive |
| STM-N |
Figure 1 - Synchronization SDH equipment
For transporting the synchronization signal in the SDH network typically used payload signals (traffic). To meet the quality standards of international digital connections (G.822) the primary clock source must comply with PRC standard (G.822).
For secure synchronization, SDH multiplexers network should have multiple redundant clock sources:
- PRC or the source of the signal quality is not lower than PRC;
- Secondary clock (SSU);
- Your own timing source (SETS).
The maximum allowable number of network elements of the network (NE) between the two SSU is 20, the maximum number of SSU in the chain synchronization - 10. Total number of consecutive sync items (NE and SSU) shall not exceed 60.
Self-healing SDH network structure in a crash on the network perform automatic reconfiguration of the synchronization, which is controlled by a time-marker and priority switching of SDH equipment. The criterion for switching sources in synchronization network elements are the following events:
- LOS (loss of signal);
- LOF (loss cycle);
- AIS (Alarm Indication Signal);
- TMA (alarm synchronization marker);
- Exc.BER (10 bit error rate).
Information about the quality of the timing source is transmitted in bits 5-8 S1 byte header MSOH STM-1 frame. Table 2 contains the information contained in the byte synchronization marker SSM.
Table 2 - The information in byte synchronization marker SSM
| The values of bits 5-8 byte SM | The quality of the synchronization signal | The level of quality |
| PRC (G.811) | Q1 | |
| SSU-A, transit (G.812T) | Q2 | |
| SSU-B, local (G.812L) | Q3 | |
| SEC (G.813) | Q4 | |
| Unknown quality | Q5 | |
| Not used | Q6 |
Note: Notes to Table 2:
The PRC, SSM when receiving the value of bits 5-8, 0010, each network element is synchronized with this reference oscillator Q1 quality.
SSU-A, when receiving SSM bits 5-8 the value 0100 indicates the use of a timing source, respectively G.812T ITU-T with a level of quality Q2.
SSU-B, Q3 quality is almost an order of magnitude lower than for transit SSU.
SEC, SSM source clock multiplexer synchronization marker byte is sent when the priority list are no other sources of clock signals.
Quality is not known: the SSM byte is transmitted by the network element in the STM output as long as the internal crystal oscillator is not synchronized with the incoming clock signal sources.
To synchronize the unused byte synchronization marker with a value of 5-8 bits 1111 (Q6) is transferred automatically in the case of SDH-sync port in the opposite direction. This prevents the formation of the loop synchronization.
The basic requirement when planning the synchronization network is the availability of primary and backup synchronization signal pathways, in compliance with the required hierarchy, as well as the lack of opportunities for a closed loop synchronization.
Signal distribution network with land-KOCshetau Stepnogorsk shown in Figure 1
| – Primary Reference Source – The secondary clock – Network element – Master clock – Alternative synchrosignal |
| NE |
| SSU |
| PRC |
| KOCshetau |
| PRC |
| SSU |
| NE |
| NE |
| NE |
| NE |
| Astana |
| Shuchinsk |
| Saule |
| Stepnogorsk |
| NE |
| SSU |
| SSU |
| NE |
| ATE |
Figure 1 - Distribution of SDH network synchronization with the site-KOCshetau – Stepnogorsk.
The network element located in the city of KOCshetau appointed master (master node). On it sync signal from an external reference source PRC (Q1) at a frequency of 2048 kHz from the INSM. He is the first priority of the planned network. A highly accurate time generator is a strategic object, and therefore his whereabouts secret.
An alternative source for the synchronization master node SDH network is designed AMTS in KOCshetau. Summary Q1 synchronization is distributed in the STM-1 signal successively to the nodes Shchuchinsk, Stepnogorsk Saul and with first priority for these sites (Table 3).
Table 3 - Distribution synchronization sources
| Network element | Source of first priority | The source of the second priority |
| KOCshetau | The signal with frequency 2048 kHz from PRC NISB | The signal with frequency 2048 kHz from ATE |
| Shuchinsk | Linear signal STM-1 on the node KOCshetau | Linear signal STM-1 on the node Saule |
| Saule | Linear signal STM-1 on the node Shuchinsk | Linear signal STM-1 on the node Stepnogorsk |
| Stepnogorsk | Linear signal STM-1 on the node Saule | Own the signal from node Stepnogorsk |
Functional timing circuit designed SDH network is shown in Figure 3.
Bibliography.
1. Ivanov VI, Gordienko VN Popov GN Asnin LB, VN Repin, Tveretsky MS, Zaslavsky KE, Isaev RI Digital and analog transmission systems. - M.: Radio and Communications, 1995.
2. Slepov NN Synchronous Digital Networks SDH.- M.: Eco - Trendz 1997.
3. Netes VA The basic principles of synchronous digital hierarchy.// networks and systems. - 1996. - № 6.
4. Netes VA Construction of transport networks based on the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy.// networks and systems. - 1997. - №4.
5. Technical description of the equipment LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES.
6. Description of the ITU-T standards.
7. Instruction No. Management S42022-L3021-H1 - * - 7619.
8. MM Butusov, Wernick SM, SL Galkin, Gomzin VN Mashkovets BM Schelkunov KN Fiber-optic transmission systems. - M.: Radio and Communications, 1992.
9. Kemelbekov BJ, Myshkin VF, VA Khan Fiber-optic cables. Moscow, 1999
10. Grodno II Fiber - optic communication lines: a textboOC for high schools. - M.: Radio and Communications 1990
11. Ubaydullaev RR Fiber optic networks. - M.: Radio and Communications in 1998.
12. Andrushko LM, Grodno II, IP Panfilov Fiber-optic communication lines. - M.: Radio and Communications, 1984.
13. Barskov AG SDH from sunrise to sunset.// networks and systems. - 2000. - № 10. C. 84-87.
14. Kim LT Synchronous Digital Hierarchy // Telecommunications. - 1991. - №3.
15. Kim LT Linear synchronous digital hierarchy paths // Telecommunications. - 1991. - №3.
16. Roginskii. VV Degtyarev, Koromyslichenko VN, VV Shmytinsky Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Network in St. Petersburg // Telecommunications. - 1995. - №5.
17. NN Slepov Architecture and functional network modules SDH.// networks and systems. - 1996. - № 1.
18. VA Pchelintcev, DV Koptev, GG Orlov. Occupational safety in construction - M.: "High School" 1991.
19. GF Denisenko. Occupational Health - M.: "High School" 1985.
20. NI Baklashov, NJ Chinas, BD Terekhov. Occupational Health Telecommunications and the environment: TextboOC for higher educational establishments - M.: "Radio and Communication", 1989.
21. MK Dyusebaev and others. Guidelines for the "Protection of Labour" for graduate students. - Alma-Ata: RES 1984.
22. Valleys, PA Basics of safety in electrical systems: TextboOC for high schools. - M.: Energoatomisdat 1984.
23. Occupational Health Telecommunications and the environment: TextboOC for Universities / NI Baklashov, NJ Chinas, BD Terekhov. - M.: Radio and Communications, 1989.
24. Economy Communications: A textboOC for high schools. - Ed. OS Srapionova. - M.: Radio and Communications, 1992.
