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Vocabulary:
chart-
naturals person
to ratify
joint-stock company
loop -
custom deduction
Ltd.
The most popular business legal form in Ukraine is Ltd. This type of companies is registered on a standard chart and in the earliest possible dates. The founders of Ltd. can be naturals persons or/and legal persons (residents or/and non-residents). Thus founders do not carry responsibility for a company and actions of its public servants, and their possible losses are limited to the size of part in share capital. Limited companies can conduct practically any types of activity, including licensed. An alike types of companies in Europe is GMBH (in Germany, Switzerland, Austria) and Ltd. (in England).Company with foreign investments and Foreign company. Investor with any percent of foreign capital in share capital of Ltd., JSC or another kind of business, can count on defense of the capital and government assistance. In addition, foreign investors have other advantages during realization of export-import operations and organization of business in Ukraine. However, companies with foreign capital can not have practice in some types of activity, the list of which is officially ratified of government.
Joint-stock company
Joint-stock companies in Ukraine can be public (PJSC) and private (PrJSC) types. This type of companies has a great number of analogues in the whole world. Mainly, JSC are created for a bank, insurance and other financial types of activity, and also for organization of activity of large production capacities and enterprises with the closed loop of production.
The Ukrainian legislation selects also some other legal forms of business: NP SB (a natural person is a subject of business); PE (private enterprise, company with the simplified system of registration, legal relationships of founders practically are not well-regulated); complete society, society with additional responsibility.
Representative office
It is separately possible to select such form of business in Ukraine, as a representative office of foreign company. Status of representative offices allows to get the row of additional tax and custom deductions, and also to use other advantages for work in Ukraine.
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From The Daily Telegraph
04.05.2010
Family Social Worker
By Martin Bashir
Job Duties. Family social workers work to improve the social and psychological behavior of children and their families. By providing social services and assistance, they attempt to increase the well-being of children, as well as increase their academic progress. Some work with single parents, while others arrange for adoptions or locate foster homes for children who have been abandoned or neglected. They often work in the school system, helping children deal with such issues as teen pregnancy, misbhavior, and truancy. They work with teachers, giving advice on how to deal with challenging children in the classroom.
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Some family social workers specialize in working with senior citizens, organizing support groups for caregivers or for children of seniors. They may give advice to the elderly concerning housing, transportation, and long-term care. They monitor these services for their clients. Family social workers may also work with employees who are experiencing job-related stress or challenges. They most often work in individual and family service agencies, schools or local governments. They are often referred to as child welfare workers, child protective services social workers, occupational social workers, or gerontology social workers.
Job Skills. Those interested in becoming family social workers should have a number of desirable traits. They need to be very emotionally stable and mature. They must be able to handle a high degree of responsibility. They should have the ability to work on an independent basis without supervision. They need to be able to work well in a team setting and get along with coworkers. And they need to be able to inspire trust and respect in their clients.
Vocabulary:
attempt to increase
well-being
adoption -
foster homes 쒿
to abandone
to neglect
issue
misbhavior
truancy
challenging -
caregiver -
monitor
employee
welfare
mature
to inspire
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Partnership
A partnership is an arrangement where entities and/or individuals agree to cooperate to advance their interests. In the most frequent instance, a partnership is formed between one or more businesses in which partners (owners) co- labor to achieve and share profits or losses.
Partnerships are also frequent regardless of and among sectors. Non-profit organizations, for example, may partner together to increase the likelihood of each achieving their mission. Governments may partner with other governments to achieve their mutual goals, as may religious and political organizations. In education, accrediting agencies increasingly evaluate schools by the level and quality of their partnerships with other schools and across sectors. Partnerships also occur at personal levels, such as when two or more individuals agree to domicile together. Partnerships between governments, interest-based organizations, schools, businesses, and individuals, or some combination thereof, have always been and remain commonplace.
Partnerships have widely varying results and can present partners with special challenges. Levels of give-and-take, areas of responsibility, lines of authority, and overarching goals of the partnership must all be negotiated. While partnerships stand to amplify mutual interests and success, some are considered ethically problematic, or at least debatable. When a politician, for example, partners with a corporation to advance the corporation's interest in exchange for some benefit, a conflict of interest may make the partnership problematic from the standpoint of the public good. Developed countries often strongly regulate certain partnerships via anti-trust laws, so as to to inhibit monopolistic practices and foster free market competition.
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Among developed countries, business partnerships are often favored over corporations in taxation policy, since dividend taxes only occur on profits before they are distributed to the partners. However, depending on the partnership structure and the jurisdiction in which it operates, owners of a partnership may be exposed to greater personal liability than they would as shareholders of a corporation.
Cooperation
Cooperation, co-operation or coöperation is the process of working or acting together, which can be accomplished by both intentional and non-intentional agents. In its simplest form it involves things working in harmony, side by side, while in its more complicated forms, it can involve something as complex as the inner workings of a human being or even the social patterns of a nation. It is the alternative to working separately in competition. Cooperation can also be accomplished by computers, which can handle shared resources simultaneously, while sharing processor time
Cooperative systems
Cooperation, more formally speak is how the components of a system work together to achieve the global properties. In other words, individual components that appear to be selfish and independent work together to create a highly complex, greater-than-the-sum-of-its-parts system. Examples can be found all around us. The components in a cell work together to keep it living. Cells work together and communicate to produce multicultural organisms. Organisms form food chains and ecosystems. People form families, gangs, cities and nations. Neurons create thought and consciousness. Atoms cooperate in a simple way, by combining to make up molecules. Understanding the mechanisms that create cooperating agents in a system is one of the most important and least well understood phenomena in nature, though there has not been a lack of effort. Individual action on behalf of a larger system may be coerced (forced), voluntary (freely chosen), or even unintentional, and consequently individuals and groups might act in concert even though they have almost nothing in common as regards interests or goals. Examples of that can be found in market trade, military wars, families, workplaces, schools and prisons, and more generally any institution or organization of which individuals are part (out of own choice, by law, or forced).
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From The Times
13. 02. 2007
Social Pedagogics
By Thomas Hood
Social pedagogy is a rather new discipline, comparing with others. Social Pedagogy is an academic discipline concerned with theory and practice of holistic education and care. The term 'pedagogy' originates from the Greek pais (child) and agein (to bring up, or lead). The prefix 'social' emphasizes that upbringing is not only the responsibility of parents but a shared responsibility of society. As a result, social pedagogy is a 'function of society'. t reflects how a given society at a given time thinks about education and upbringing. It tells about the relationship between the individual and society, and about social welfare of marginalized members.
Consequently, social pedagogues work within a range of different settings. From early years through adulthood to working with disadvantaged adult groups as well as older people. To achieve a holistic perspective within each of these settings, social pedagogy draws together theories and concepts from related disciplines such as sociology, philosophy, education, psychology, medical sciences, or social work.
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Principles of Social Pedagogy are the following. Social pedagogy is base on humanistic values stressing human dignity, mutual respect, trust, unconditional appreciation, and equality, to mention but a few. It is underpinned by a fundamental concept of children, young people and adults as equal human beings with rich and extraordinary potential and considers them competent, resourceful and active agents.
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Business
A business (also known as a company, enterprise, and firm) is a legally recognized organization designed to provide goods or services, or both, to consumers, businesses and governmental entities. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies. Most businesses are privately owned. A business is typically formed to earn profit that will increase the wealth of its owners and grow the business itself. The owners and operators of a business have as one of their main objectives the receipt or generation of a financial return in exchange for work and acceptance of risk. Notable exceptions include cooperative enterprises and state-owned enterprises. Businesses can also be formed not-for-profit or be state-owned.
The etymology of "business" relates to the state of being busy either as an individual or society as a whole, doing commercially viable and profitable work. The term "business" has at least three usages, depending on the scope the singular usage (above) to mean a particular company or corporation, the generalized usage to refer to a particular market sector, such as "the music business" and compound forms such as agribusiness, or the broadest meaning to include all activity by the community of suppliers of goods and services. However, the exact definition of business, like much else in the philosophy of business, is a matter of debate and complexity of meanings.
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From The Kyiv Post
25.04.2009
The Regional Centre of Social Processes
By Alexandr Sadovsky
In Ukraine, in Rivne city and Rivne oblast in particular, youth health concerns are among the most serious. At present, mass media have a great influence on youth. But unfortunately the level of promoting a healthy lifestyle through mass media is rather low. At schools the issue is not raised systematically, which makes the input of educational system in this matter not much effective.
Public organizations, departments on family and youth do not coordinate their activity, which leads to lost of efforts and efficiency of their activities. The absence of a common habits of cooperation between mass media, educational system, public organizations and state structures that work with youth presents one more problem. All attempts to form healthy lifestyle patterns among youth do not reach their goal. Unfortunately, in Rivne oblast there are no organizations engaged in rehabilitation of drug-addicted people, forming style of health living among youth and prevent drug abuse.
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Partners: non-governmental organizations "Interaction", the Committee of Voters of Ukraine, Oblast Department on Family and Youth, Oblast State Department on Education. The goal of the project is to work out and to introduce a model of forming healthy lifestyle habits and decreasing the number of young people with unhealthy habits in Rivne and Rivne oblast. Target groups: schoolchildren aged 7-18, youth aged14-28, members of public organizations, representatives of city and regional departments on family and youth, journalists, teachers of valeology and school psychologists, drug addict.
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Basic forms of ownership
Although forms of business ownership vary by jurisdiction, there are several common forms:
Sole proprietorship: A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person. The owner may operate on his or her own or may employ others. The owner of the business has personal liability of the debts incurred by the business.
Partnership: is a form of business in which two or more people operate for the common goal which is often making profit. In most forms of partnerships, each partner has personal liability of the debts incurred by the business. There are three typical classifications of partnerships: general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships.
Corporation: is either a limited liability or unlimited liability entity that has a separate [legal personality] from its members. A corporation can be organized for-profit or not-for-profit. A corporation is owned by multiple shareholders and is overseen by a board of directors, which hires the business's managerial staff. In addition to privately owned corporate models, there are state-owned corporate models.
Cooperative: Often referred to as a "co-op", a cooperative is a limited liability entity that can organize for-profit or not-for-profit. A cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members, as opposed to shareholders, who share decision-making authority. Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives. Cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of economic democracy.
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From The Guardian
16. 01. 2008
What is Social Work?
By Alex Ferguson
Social work is a profession concerned with helping individuals, families, groups and communities to enhance their individual and collective well-being. It aims to help people develop their skills and their ability to use their own resources and those of the community to resolve problems. Social work is concerned with individual and personal problems but also with broader social 6) issues such as poverty, unemployment and domestic violence.
Human rights and social justice are the philosophical underpinnings of social work practice. The uniqueness of social work practice is in the blend of some particular values, knowledge and skills, including the use of relationship as the basis of all interventions and respect for the clients choice and involvement. In a socio-political-economic context which increasingly generates insecurity and social tensions, social workers play an important and essential role.
What is the role of the social worker? The work undertaken by social workers can vary widely between countries as the aims and values of social workers must reflect the cultural and social norms of the society in which they operate, in order to cater appropriately for the needs of the people they serve. The main tasks of social workers are casework (linking clients with agencies and programs that will meet their psychosocial needs), counseling (psychotherapy), human services management, social welfare policy analysis, community organizing advocacy, teaching) (in schools of social work), and social science research.
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| 1. The title of the article: | - The article is head-lined... - The head-line of the article I have read is... |
| 2. The author of the article; where and when the article was published: | - The author of the article is... - The article was written by... - It is (was) published in... - It is (was) printed in... |
| 3. The main idea: | - The main idea of the article is... - The article is about... - The article is devoted to... - The article deals with... - The article touches upon... - The purpose of the article is to give the reader some information on... - The aim of the article is to provide the reader with some material (data) on... |
| 4. The content of the article (facts, figures, names): | - The author starts by telling the readers about (that)... - The author writes (states, stresses, thinks, points out) that... - According to the text... - Further the author reports (says) that... - In conclusion... - The author comes to conclusion that... |
| 5. Your opinion of the article: | I found the article interesting (important, informative) because... |
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