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Internet Facts
The prototype for the Internet was created in the sixties by the US Defense Department. To ensure that communication could be kept open in the event of a nuclear attack, it created a computer network known as Arpanet the Advanced Research Project Agency Network.
The first attempt to connect two computers and allow them to communicate with one another was made by researchers at the University of California in Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute on 20 October 1969.The first people to coin the term 'internet' were two scientists, Vinton Cerf (known as 'father of the Internet') and his collaborator Bob Kahn, who in 1974 devised a means by which data could be transmitted across a global-network of computers. An Oxford graduate, Tim Berners-Lee, set up the first 'www server' (a Server receives and sends messages) to store the archive of the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Switzerland. The first e-mail ever sent was in 1972 between computers in two American universities. The most frequently used search word on the net is "sex", typed in 1,550,000 times every month. The most mentioned male on the Internet is President Bill Clinton, whose name is linked to 1,542,790 sites. The most mentioned female on the Internet is the actress Pamela Anderson, whose name is linked to 1,542,282 sites.
Internet in the Modern Life
The Internet has already entered our ordinary life. Everybody knows that the Internet is a global computer network, which embraces hundreds of millions of users all over the world and helps us to communicate with each other.
The history of Internet began in the United States in 1969. It was a military experiment, designed to help to survive during a nuclear war, when everything around might be polluted by radiation and it would be dangerous to get out for any living being to get some information to anywhere. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest and safest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the net will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology was called packet switching.
Invention of modems, special devices allowing your computer to send the information through the telephone line, has opened doors to the Internet for millions of people.
Most of the Internet host computers are in the United States of America. It is clear that the accurate number of users can be counted fairly approximately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet today, because there are hundreds of millions of users and their number is growing.
Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. They can do it either they are at home or in the internet clubs or at work. Other popular services are available on the Internet too. It is reading news, available on some dedicated news servers, telnet, FTP servers, etc.
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In many countries, the Internet could provide businessmen with a reliable, alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems its own system of communications. Commercial users can communicate cheaply over the Internet with the rest of the world. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for international calls around the world, when you pay a good deal of money.
But saving money is only the first step and not the last one. There is a commercial use of this network and it is drastically increasing. Now you can work through the internet, gambling and playing through the net.
However, there are some problems. The most important problem is security. When you send an e-mail, your message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of the computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. But there are many encoding programs available. Notwith-standing, these programs are not perfect and can easily be cracked.
Another big and serious problem of the net is control. Yes, there is no effective control in the Internet, because a huge amount of information circulating through the net. It is like a tremendous library and market together. In the future, the situation might change, but now we have what we have. It could be expressed in two words an anarchist's dream.
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How does food affect mood?
Many people are seeking to take control of their mental health using self-help, and to find approaches they can use alongside, or even instead of, prescribed medication. One self-help strategy is to make changes to what we eat, and there is a growing interest in how food and nutrition can affect emotional and mental health.
Scientific evidence to back this up is developing, but there are many challenges for scientists to overcome and, in the meantime, some medical practitioners remain unconvinced of the link between food and mood. Nevertheless, positive responses from individuals who have made changes to their diet confirm the importance of food and nutrition for maintaining or improving their emotional and mental health. There are many explanations for the cause-and-effect relationship between food and mood. The following are some examples:
Fluctuations in blood sugar levels are associated with changes in mood and energy, and are affected by what we eat.
Brain chemicals (neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine and acetylcholine) influence the way we think, feel and behave. They can be affected by what we've eaten.
There can be abnormal reactions to artificial chemicals in foods, such as artificial colourings and flavourings.
There are reactions that can be due to the deficiency of an enzyme needed to digest a food. Lactase, for instance, is needed to digest lactose (milk sugar). Without it, a milk intolerance can build up.
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People can become hypersensitive to foods. This can cause what are known as delayed or hidden food allergies or sensitivities.
Low levels of vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids can affect mental health, with some symptoms associated with particular nutritional deficiencies. For example, links have been demonstrated between low levels of certain B-vitamins and symptoms of schizophrenia, low levels of the mineral zinc and eating disorders, and low levels of omega-3 oils and depression.
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Internet Addiction
Last week, in a private rehabilitation clinic outside Edinburgh, Leo Edwards, a sixteen-year-old schoolboy, was going through severe withdrawal symptoms. His body often shook violently and uncontrollably, and at mealtimes he regularly threw cups and plates around the dining room. The boy's addiction had nothing to do with alcohol, drugs, gambling or food. His problem was 'Net obsession' an over-dependency on the Internet. An international group of psychologists has recently suggested that anyone who surfs the Internet for long periods is clinically ill and needs medical treatment. According to their report, Internet addicts should be treated in the same way as alcoholics, drug addicts, compulsive gamblers and people with eating disorders.
Leo Edwards is not an isolated case. Russell Hopkins, aged fifteen, from Gateshead in north-east England, is a typical online addict. Every day after school, and after dinner until three or four in the morning, he will be found in his room surfing the Net or playing computer games. By the end of the day he will have spent more than six hours online. Understandably, his parents are extremely worried. Not only has his school work suffered, but Russell's addiction has also destroyed his social life and his spare-time interests. For instance, he has just dropped out of his school's basketball team in order to spend more time at his computer. Instead of spending next weekend having a good time out with friends, he'll be spending it indoors surfing the Internet. Russell has recently joined an Internet online support group. It may seem ironic that many of the support groups for Internet addicts are online but at least Russell has sought help. Not everyone does. Dr Ann Hoffman, who runs an online support group, says, "People don't realise that being online for more than four hours a day amounts to addiction and that they have a serious problem. I predict that the number of people who join online support groups will have risen dramatically within three years."
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Disabled People.
Sad as it is, every year thousands of children are born with mental disorders and physical deformities, thousands of people meet with accidents. However, only in a few civilised states the problems and needs of the disabled are given proper attention and care. In the remaining countries, including Ukraine, discrimination against people with physical and mental disabilities is still being practiced in many areas of social life.
For decades the handicapped have been refused their basic rights. Their job applications were turned down, their active participation in business life has been disallowed on most occasions and there has been little interest in their convenience in public transport. But the less fit part of society wants to be treated in the same way as healthy people and to be normal members of society. They do not expect our mercy but rather understanding and acceptance. For this reason, these people should first be helped to develop their skills and abilities in order to get ajob. This is very important because work gives sense and direction to their lives.
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It is also very important for us to change our own attitude towards the handicapped. They need our help and support31 and we should not treat them as inferior, worse people.
What else can be done for them? There should be more schools where disabled children can learn together with fit ones. Also in public buildings there should be ramps for wheelchairs.
There should be special invalid cars which enable the handicapped to enjoy greater mobility. We should do everything to make the life of the disabled easier and more comfortable, we should remember that no one has insurance against becoming disabled.
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Advertisement
Although the average citizen is usually annoyed by all the advertisements printed in newspapers and magazines and the commercials broadcast on TV, the impact of the whole advertising industry on a single person is immense and plays a very important role in our lives. Advertising absorbs vast sums of money but it is useful to the community. What are the functions of advertisements? The first one to mention is to inform. A lot of the information people have about household devices, cars, building materials, electronic equipment, cosmetics, detergents and food is largely derived from the advertisements they read. Advertisements introduce them to new products or remind them of the existing ones. The second function is to sell. The products are shown from the best point of view and the potential buyer, on having entered the store, unconsciously chooses the advertised products. One buys this washing powder or this chewing gum, because the colorful TV commercials convince him of the best qualities of the product. Even cigarettes or sweets or alcohol are associated with the good values of human life such as joy, freedom, love and happiness, and just those associations make a person choose the advertised products. The aim of a good advertisement is to create a consumer demand to buy the advertised product or service. Children are good example as they usually want the particular kind of chocolate or toy or chewing-gum. Being naive they cannot evaluate objectively what is truthful and what is exaggerated and select the really good products unless they buy the goods and check for themselves. Thirdly, since the majority of advertisements are printed in our press we pay less for newspapers and magazines, also TV in most countries in cheap. The public advertising seen on street hoardings, railway stations and buildings makes people's life more joyful. Moreover, all those small ads in the press concerning "employment", "education" and "For sale and wanted" columns, help ordinary people to find a better job or a better employee, to sell or to buy their second-hand things and find services, or learn about educational facilities, social events such as, concerts, theatre plays, football matches, and to announce births, marriages and deaths. Thus despite our dissatisfaction when being bombarded by all the advertisers' information we must admit that they do perform a useful service to society, and advertisements are an essential part of our everyday life.
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A therapy cat
A therapy cat is a cat trained to help ailing humans in a medically beneficial way to take advantage of the human-animal interaction for purposes of relaxation and healing. Therapy cats have been used as companions to help the recovery and well-being of stroke victims, lower blood pressure, decrease patient anxiety, increase sensory stimulation, ward off depression, inspire a "sense of purpose", and assist teens at juvenile detention centers and children with developmental disabilities and to help children with language, speech and hearing problems. Some nursing homes have therapy cats that are used to be companions to their elderly residents. Therapy cats are also sometimes used in hospitals to relax children who are staying there. There have been arguments made that therapy animals can work as well as or better than conventional pharmaceutical medicine for helping people relax, lowering stress levels and blood pressure decreases, causing the heart rate to slow down. According to one report, the cats can help children and teens with special needs to "feel relaxed", and that the human-cat communication is beneficial. One researcher reviewing 25 studies found positive effects of pets on patients in nursing homes, and found evidence that the animals helped patients be more alert, smile more often, and that the presence of the pets helped physically aggressive patients to calm down and allow other humans to be near them. To qualify as a therapy cat in New York State, a cat must demonstrate that it will not react aggressively to loud noises or other animals.
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English is the International Language and is one of the most popular and most spoken in the technology world. We need to know English language in order to study any science subject or any computer language. We need to know English to communicate effectively too many developed countries. English is very much important in our life...it is necessary in each and every field. If we know English we never feel tongue tide in front of others. It's a widely spoken language. People take pride in speaking English.if we don't know English, we will leg behind the other. English is a need of hour. Today we can't deny the importance of English in our life. To anyone who lives in an English speaking country, it is of vital importance. Language is always very important, because it is the means of communication. If you cannot speak the language of a place, it will be very difficult to communicate with the people. And so it is an absolute neccesity. We communicate with others every day. Weather we just say 'hello' or have a long conversation, or weather we give or follow instructions, or weather at home or at the shop or in the workplace. Communication is a tool for everyday life-Everyone uses it every day. And language makes it a whole lot easier, so everyone learns to speak their native language. And English is the most widely spoken language in the world, and if you know how to speak it, it will be an invaluable tool of communication. You can develop your knowledge for betterment of your knowledge. As long as you educate yourself, you will come across many new things. There is no end for learning
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Adolescence
Adolescence is the time in a person's life when he or she develops from a child into an adult. It starts around puberty and ends when a person achieves maturity. This period is often associated with great turmoil, stress, rebellion and negativism. Such an image, in fact, was promoted by Hollywood in the 1950s and passed into our everyday consciousness. Searching for their self-identity, the adolescents want to develop different values from those held by their parents and hate the ordered adult world because it symbolizes the skin they yearn to shed. Problems arise when adolescents see that financially they still depend on their parents. For this reason they have a sense of impotence and rage and often find their way out in drugs, alcohol and informal groups. It is rather questionable how realistic this image of adolescence is. A troublesome, uncooperative adolescent is more of a social stereotype than a reality. For many people this period of transition passes without major problems. But it seems true that teenagers give the impression of being great experimenters. They experiment with their hairstyles, music, religions, sexual outlets, fad diets, part-time jobs, part-time relationships, part-time philosophies of life. In fact, it seems that teenagers' commitments are made on a part-time basis. They are busily trying things out, doing things their way on a grand search for Truth. And for many people adolescence is the period in which they develop a more trusting and positive relationship with their parents. Another decisive factor in searching for a teenager's self-identity and attitude towards the outer world is school. Since education is compulsory in our country, school represents the adult authoritarian world To avoid problems and build strong and fruitful relationships with students, it is vital for teachers to remember some characteristic features. They become self-conscious, emotionally unbalanced, they have a tendency to be easily shocked or offended. For a teenager, peer approval acceptance of their friends, colleagues is much more important than parents' or teachers' approval Yet wise and fair authority is highly valued by young people. For this reason adults, especially teachers, should be very sensitive to the adolescents' needs, desires, demands. Only when adults lack such subtlety and wisdom knotty problems may arise.
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| 1. The title of the article: | - The article is head-lined... - The head-line of the article I have read is... |
| 2. The author of the article; where and when the article was published: | - The author of the article is... - The article was written by... - It is (was) published in... - It is (was) printed in... |
| 3. The main idea: | - The main idea of the article is... - The article is about... - The article is devoted to... - The article deals with... - The article touches upon... - The purpose of the article is to give the reader some information on... - The aim of the article is to provide the reader with some material (data) on... |
| 4. The content of the article (facts, figures, names): | - The author starts by telling the readers about (that)... - The author writes (states, stresses, thinks, points out) that... - According to the text... - Further the author reports (says) that... - In conclusion... - The author comes to conclusion that... |
| 5. Your opinion of the article: | I found the article interesting (important, informative) because... |
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