.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





 

:

 

= = lN, (3. 5)

 

:

 

= exp(-lt) (3. 6)

 

, , N.

1. ().

: () ().

3,7 1010/, 1 106/.

, 1 226Ra 1.

, , . , , I, j:

 

I= j, (3.7)

 

j - , .

:

 

It = Ioexp(-lt). (3.8)

 

 

, 1/2.

1/2 , .

N, , I, , . (3.3) Nt N/2, t 1/2

N/2 = Noe -l1/2 = e -l1/2 (3.9)

,

 

,

, (3.10)

 

l, 1/2 .

(3.8) (3. 9) , n =t/ .

 

= . (3.11)

 

n (1/2)n . (3.12) , .. , ( 0,1 % ). , (-lt) t. , , .

 

 

, .

. , .., .

:

 

... S(.)

, . , , - .

, . N1 , N2. , . . :

 

(3.12)

(3.13)

 

:

 

dN2 = l1N1dt - l2N2dt (3.14)

(3.15) , N2 = 0, : (1/2)1 (1/2)2, . . l1l2 t(1/2)1, :

 

l1 N1 = l2N2 (3.15)

 

, , , .

.

, , , , , .

a b - . a - 4, 2 :

+

 

, :

 

Ra Rn

 

b - , 1 :

 

X + e

 

, , 232Th, (4n), : = 232, 228, 224 . . 238U (4n+2) = 238, 234, 230, .., 4 4n+2. , , 4 4n, 4n+1, 4n+2, 4n+3, n - . . (4n), (4n+2) (4n+3).

4n + 1 ( ) , . .

 

l1 N1 = l2N2.= l N , (3,16)

 

li Ni i- . , , .

 

3.1.

= 4n 1,39×1010
= 4n+1 2,2×106
= 4n+2 - 4.5×109
= 4n+3 - 7.18×108

 

:

(a) 1/2 5 1011

244Pu (a) 1/2 = 8,2 107

(b-, b+, K-) 1/2 = 1.27 109

V(b-, K-) 1/2 = 6 1015

(b-) 1/2 = 5.7 1010

(b-) 1/2 = 5.0 1014

(K-) 1/2 = 1.21013

(b-, K-) 1/2 = 1.1 1011

(a) 1/2 = 2.4 1015

(a) 1/2 = 1.1 1011

(a) 1/2 = 2.0 1015

(b-) 1/2 = 3.6 1010

(b-) 1/2 = 6.0 1010

(a) 1/2 = 7.0 1011

 

1. .

2. .

3. t?

4. .

5. .

6. .

7. ?

 






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