()- , , , ..; , , .
ISA (Industry Stundart Architecture). 1981, 16 , 5,5 /, 8, 3 .
1. PSA (Peripheral Component Interconnect) 1991 .
2. PSA 2.2 32 , 264 /, 66 .
3. PSI-, (ECC automatic single-bit error recovery and double-bit error detection) 64 , 1064 /, 133 .
PnP ( ). PCI , .
Pentium IV PSI , . Pentium PS, .
4. FSB (Front Side Bus) Pentium MMX 400 , 3,2 /, 533 , 4,2 /.
- FAT.
. , . , .
(File Allocation Table FAT), . FAT FAT 12, FAT 16 FAT 32. , . , FAT 32 32- , FAT 16 16- .. FAT:
FAT 12, 16 (, );
FAT 16, 16 2 ;
FAT 32, () 512 2 .
. Windows 9x, Windows NT Windows 2000 :
|
|
- ;
- ;
- (FAT);
- ;
- ;
- /.
. , . , , . , .
() , , , FAT. , FAT. , . FAT , , , .
, , , 3761210567, , , .
FAT , , . (512 byte), 2n, 512 byte, 1 b, 2 b, 4 b, 8 b, 16 b 32 b, : FAT , FAT , , 12 bit (FAT12 , , 12 bit 512 byte), 216=4096, 10 , FAT12 ( FAT16) .
: , . , 800b FAT16 (800* 1024*1024)/65525=838860800/65525= 12802 byte, 16b .
, FAT16: 32b ( 16- ), 65525*32772=2147385300, 2 Gb.
|
|
FAT , , . slack. (, n*a+1, , n ), , , , . , , , -, .
, . , Stacker, DoubleSpace DriveSpace Windows 9. , , , FAT. , , , (, ) .
32- , ( ).
, , , , , ( FAT32).
: , , , , , .
- FAT? FAT16 FAT32.
, , . , . FAT - .
F32 FAT16. , 2 047 , . , 2 FAT16 32 , FAT32 - 4 . , , FAT32 , API-, . , FAT32 , , API- . FAT32 FAT16 2 .
, FAT32 FAT:
- 2 ;
- . FAT32 (4 8 ), 10-15% FAT;
- FAT 32, , , ;
- : FAT32 FAT, , F32- , , F32- , FAT-;
- 50% .
|
|
FAT 32 FAT 16 , 16 32 . 268 435 456 ( FAT - 65 536). FAT 32 2 Tb, 4 Gb. FAT 32 , .
FAT 32 2 Gb 5 000 4 Kb ( FAT 16 - 32 Kb), 524 288 . 2 b.
FAT :
[0000] (0) 000 ,
[FFFF] (F) FF8 [FFFF] (F) FFF - End off chain
[FFFF] (F) FF7 bad,
- : SISD, MISD, SIMD, MIMD.
4 :