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ó V . 57 ( ), 18 . . - 쳿, . ó - , , , , .

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1.

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: 90 .

 

 

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2. : .

ó

 

 

.

 

: - , , , 񳺿 .

 

P = P0 + γh

:

1.

P = P0 + γh

2.

= P P0 = γh

, .

3.

m = P = P P γh

,

= P = γh

 

 

 

1) /2

 

2) /2 =

 

:

1 /2 = 9,81 /2 ≈ 10 /2 = 10 .

 

3) . .. = 0,00136 /2 = 133,3 /2 = 133,3

. .. = 0,0001 /2 = 9810 /2

1 = 0,98 . 105

 

4) ᒺ.

γ = 1000 /3 = 1 /3 = 1 /3

γ = 9810 /3 = 0,00981 /3

 

 

˳

1 . 24 38

2 . 7 24

 

 

 

1. ? ?

2. ?

3. ?

4. .

5. ?

6. .

7. .

8. .

 

 

1

.

 

: , , .

: , , .

 

˳

1 . 24 38

2 . 7 24

 

1

h =

o = Pa = 105 /2, γ = 104 /3

 

 

:

P = P0 + γh

=

:

= P P

=

³__________________

 

 

2

= /3. γ = 0,01 /3. .

 

υ = Pa P :

υ =

:

³__________________

 

3

= , . h , ... = 98,1 , γ = 132850 /3.

 

= 98,1 = 98,1 . 103 /2

P = ... = . 9810 = /2

= P + γh :

h =

³__________________

 

 

4

Q, = , : = , = , D = , d = , η = 0,8.

 

 

:

:

Q =

³__________________

 

 

5

U . ˳ ᒺ h = . h , γ = 12260 /3, γ = 9790 /3.

 

 

. . , , :

γ h = γ h,

__________. =

 

h = h h, =

³__________________

 

______

______

______

______

____________________

 

3. :

.

 

1. , ,

P = γ hG w

:

P = (P0 + γ hG) w

 

:

P = (P0 + γ hG ) w

 

2. . 0 = . .

 

3. , α , :

P = P0 + γ l sin α, l .

 

4. ᒺ .

 

5. ̳ :

 

S = (Pd0) / 2 σP,

d0 d () ,

σP .

 

6. ̳

S = (γHD0) / 2 σP,

D0 .

 

.

 

1. .

2. .

3. ?

4. ( ).

5. ?

6. .

 

2

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: , , , .

: , .

˳

1 . 48 58

2 . 24 27

 

1

2, = . . γ = 9,81 /3.

, 䳺 , , P = (Po + γH)F,

P = γHF =

³__________________

 

 

2

, , = . ( = 4 = .) ij D = . , σP = 10000 /3, γ = 9,81 /3.

d = 0,1 . :

= γH = /2 = ___________ = /2

:

³__________________

 

 

3

d0 = , = / 2, σP = 500 / 2.

:

³__________________

 

4

. . . = , = , γ = 10 /3 , α = 300.

 

:

, sin 300 = 0,5.

:

P = (Po + γH)F,

.

F ,

³ ___________________

 

 

5

, , . h, G = ., γ = 10 / 3.

G.

P = G =

P = γV, V ᒺ

V = . h 2

: P = G = V . γ . h = 10 . h, :

h = ____________ = .

 

³__________________

 

______

______

______

______

____________________

 

 

. ó

 

4. : , .

г .

 

 

.

 

, , W, , , , , W .

 

:

1. , .. .

 

2. , .. .

 

3. .

 

4. ó :

- , .

- , .

- R = W / K

 

5. г .

Qq = Q2 = Q3 = const

W1V1 = W2V2 = W3V3 =const

 

.

 

1. . .

2. , , ?

3. .

4. ? ? Q, V, W.

5. ? .

6. .

3

, .

 

: , , .

: , .

˳

1 . 79 85

2 . 32 55

 

1

, h = , a = , α = 30.

ó :

e F

ξ

ξ = a + 2 c,

c = h/cos α =

b = h . tg α =

(tg 300 = 0,577; cos 300 = 0,866)

ξ =

F = 2

R =

³__________________

 

 

2

, , , /.

 

:

= 2

Q =

G = Q . γ

γ = 1000 /3

G = 1000 . = / = /

³ ______________

 

3

, / .

 

d2 = d 1

V1

³ ________________

4

, , d1 = , d2 = , v2 = /. v1 .

 

= 2

= 2

:

Q1 = Q2 = v1w1 = v2w2 = const

:

Q1 =

Q2 =

³_____________

 

5

ϳ Q = / v = /.

Q = / =

= = 3/

V = ______ / = _____________ = /.

:

w =

³_________________________

 

 

______

______

______

______

____________________

 

 

. ó

 

5. : г . .

.

1.

 

- ,

 

- .

 

 

2. г .

 

 

α 㳿,

hw

 

 

3. ó :

 

/γ - 

Z

 

ó

 

Hd =

 

4. :

 

- 

i = (Hd1 Hd2) / l

 

i hw / l

 

 

5. .

 

-

 

-

6. . , , 

 

, .

 

.

 

1. ?

2. г . . ?

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6.  ?

7. . .

 

. .

 

.

(1)

 

г () . , , . - , 1-1 2-2 . г (1) (. ). 璺 , , -,  㳿 . 璺 , ( , .), N-N, 㳿; 㳿 . - -, 㳿 , N-N 㳿 hw ,  u/2g.

, , (1) hw = 0,

(2)

1-1 2-2 , :

(3)

. (. 2); D d, . ( 1-1) ( 2-2) , Q.

 

 

.2

. , 1-1 ( ) 2-2 ( ), -. z1 = z2 = 0, α1 = α2 = α = 1. , hw=0.

. :

. 2

,

()

() v1 v2. ,

v2 / v1 = ω1 / ω2 = D2 / d2,

v2 = v1 (D2 / d2).

ϳ v2 (),

 

( 1-1)

Q = v1w2

 

.

 

(4)

 

, . :

 

(5)

 

μ , . μ = 0,985; , , μ = 0,98.

,  (5).

 

 

4

.

 

: ,  , . .

: , , , .

˳

1 . 103 110

2 . 44

 

1

.

 

 

2

. , .

 

 

3

, D = , d = , h = , μ = 0,98, .

 

:

=

:

= 3/.= /

³ ________________

 

 

______

______

______

______

____________________

 

. ó

 

6. : . . .

: . Re = 2320. Re < 2320 , Re > 2320 .

.. 뺺.

.. , , ( . ).

, , ( . ).

 

.

 

1. .

2. ?

 

5

 

: .

˳

1 . 114 117

2 . 55 57

 

1

.

 

1 _________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

3 _________________________________________________________________

4 _________________________________________________________________

5 _________________________________________________________________

 

2

d = V = /; v = 0,01 2/.

V

v =

Re =

Re = 2320.

³,

³_____________

 

3

,

/, 200.

 

Re , , , ,

. 2 , 2/.

:

Re = 2320.

³,

³_____________

 

4

, / 200.

 

t = 200 ( 2 ):

v = 2/. = . 104 2/ = 2/.

.

³_____________

 

______

______

______

______

____________________

. ó

 

7. : ̳

1. , , (hl, m).

 

2. , , (hm, m).

 

3. :

hw = hl + hm

 

4. , , :

 

-

λ ,

l ,

d ,

V

 

λ ( )

 

5. ̳

 

, - , ξ - .

 

 

: , , , , , .

(.1).

 

 

: , .

,

,

 

.

, 㳿 (. 2).

 

.

, . (. 3).

 

 

.

, , (. 4).

 

.

 

1. .

2. .

3. ?

4. ?

5. . ?

6. ?

7. . .

 

 

6

.

 

: . , .

: , , .

˳

1 . 153 160

2 . 75 83

 

1

.

 

1 ____________________________________________________________

2 ____________________________________________________________

3 __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

4 ____________________________________________________________

 

 

2

, d1 = , d2 = , V =

/.

 

:

=

³ ___________________

 

3

, d1 = , d2 = , V = /.

 

 

.

 

,

3 () ξ =

³ _______________________

 

 

4

, V = /. ξ =

 

:

³ _______________________

 

 

______

______

______

______

____________________

8. : .

 

 

.

.

Q, V , d hw . ; .

 

ó :

1) ;

2) ;

3) ;

4) .

 

, . , . . ϳ , :

1) ;

2) .

 

 

.

 

1. .

2. ?

3. ?

4. .

 

 

7

ó .

 

: .

: , , .

˳

1 . 192

2 . 88

 

1

, l = . Q =

/. = . ̳ . .

 

V = 1,2 /..

:

d =

d =

4 =

hmp = AlQ2

hmp ,

l

Q , /.

hmp =

=

d =

:

V1 = V (d/d1)2 = /

6 (. 1,2 /)

1 =

=

hmp =

=

³ ___________________

 

 

2

, ∑ Q = /. г = , d = , . l1 = , l2 =

, l3 = .

 

 

hmp = AlQ2

l ,

Q , /

, 1 = 2 = 3 = .

S1 = Al1 =

S2 = Al2 =

S3 = Al3 =

_______________

∑ =

:

_______________

∑ Q =

Q , /.

³ ______________

 

 

3

= Δ = 4 , l = , Q = /, = . , .

 

 

V = 0,8 / :

d =

d =

4 =

:

V ,

d1 = d

6 =

̳ :

ξ =

ξ =

ξ =

_________________

∑ ξ =

:

=

:

= h

³___________

 

______

______

______

______

____________________

 

 

9. : .

.

 

.

1. :

) ;

) , ;

) 㳔 곔

 

2. :

- :

 

 

- :

 

R ,

,

( ),

 

 

3. , , .

 

4. , , .

 

5. h2, .

 

6. .

 

7. .

 

 

, , . . , . h2 . h2 , , , , .

 

 

.

 

h2 2 2 1 1, , 2 2,

 

, 1 h2 :

h2, , ζ3 = 1,

, 1 1 2 2,

h2

 

h2 , 1 .

(.) .

 

 

.

1 1 2 2, 1 1, :

hr ( ).

, (䒿 hr), . :

, , . , .

 

.

1. , , .

2. .

3. ?

4. ?

5. .

6. ?

 

 

8

.

 

 

: .

: , .

˳

1 . 177

 

1

. ij d = , l =.

: , .

Q t = 26 0, Z1 = , Z2





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