, . , , .
. (. 3.16) , . . , .
: 100 50 % 3-5 %. .
. 3.16.
: 100 50 % 18-20 %.
. , . .
(, ), . - , , .
, .
, : , , . .
, , : . , , - , , .
1. . , .
|
|
. 4.1. . to, , , Q. , G, t1 t2. , , .
.
. 4.1.
, . t t. Qmin Qmax, (. 4.2). - , . σ = t - t, , . Q. , .
. 4.2.
, , .. (. . 2.1, , . 13). , tmin tmax. : , , .
. 4.2 -, . . -. . , - -.
Qmin Qmax. Qmax 100%- . Qmin , .
(. . 4.1). - - .
|
|
- . . (. 4.3, ). t , t - . = t - t ().
. 4.3. :
- ; - ;
- ; -
; -
(. 4.3, ) : t, - . , τ1 t. . , τ2 t. , , τ3 t. . .
, : .
τ ( ) τ ( ). τ = τ + τ , , - .
b = τ/τ - . , , . . 4.3, : (b = 0,1), (b = 0,5) (b = 0,9).
:
Qτ = Q.τ,
Q. - .
:
b = τ/τ = Q/Q.. (4.1)
, , , (. 4.3, ). , , Q Q. . , .
:
τ = M ∙ c ∙ χ / (Q. - Q) (4.2)
τ = M ∙ c ∙ χ / Q, (4.3)
- ; - ; χ = t - t - .
τ τ:
τ = M ∙ c ∙ χ Q. / Q (Q. - Q). (4.4)
|
|
, , (4.4) Q, 1- Q b. (4.4) b = 0,5.
(4.4) b = 0,5, :
τ min = 4M ∙ c ∙ χ / Q.. (4.5)
, ,
τ = τ/τ min = 1/4b (1 - b). (4.6)
. 4.3, , (4.6), .
. , , .
5-6 , - 2-3 . , :
1/τ min ≤ f,
f - .
, . , (χ/2). , . . .
, - .
, . . , , - .
(. 4.4). , , : I, II, III. , - , , , .
. 4.4. :
- ; -
(. . 4.1 . 42) , .. () (. 4.4, ). , , .
: . , I t1, II - t2, III - t3. t1, t2 t3. χ1, χ2 χ3. .
|
|
, .
I (0 < Q < Q.1). t1 I. Q < Q.1, , t1 . (Q > 0), t1 . . , I , . . 4.4, , : t1 t1.
, : τ1 τ1min, , Q = Q.1 I .
Q.1 < Q < Q.2, I , II , t2 t2. (. . 4.4, ) .
Q.2 < Q < Q.3 I II, III . (. . 4.4, ).
, , .
(4.1)-(4.5) :
bi = (Q - Q.(i - 1)) / ∆Q.i; (4.7)
τi = M ∙ c ∙ χi / (Q.i - Q); (4.8)
τi = M ∙ c ∙ χi / (Q - Q.(i - 1)); (4.9)
τi = M ∙ c ∙ χi∆Q.i / [(Q.i - Q) (Q - Q.(i - 1))]; (4.10)
τ1 min = 4M ∙ c ∙ χi /∆Q.i. (4.11)
(4.7)-(4.11)
∆Q.i = Q.i - Q.(i - 1),
i - .
, , .. . , . , . : . , 3-4.
: .
, (. 4.5, ).
0 Q.1, I.
Q.1 I . t2, II. Q.1 < Q < Q.2, , t1 I , II . , II, , I II, I . III ( II ), - I. : II, III. I (. 4.5, ).
|
|
. 4.5. :
- ; - ;
-
, t1 t1 (. 4.5, ), .. . , .
, . .
. , .
, , .
, I , - , , , .
, III. t2, t3, .. , . , . , , . .
(. . 4.5) I. :
b1i = [(Q - Q.i1 - ∆Q.1) / ∆Q.i;
τ1i = M ∙ c ∙ χ1 / (Q.i - Q);
τ1i = M ∙ c ∙ χ1 / [(Q - Q.1 - ∆Q.1)];
τ1i = M ∙ c ∙ χ1∆Q.1i / {(Q.1 - Q) [(Q - (Q.1 - ∆Q.1)]};
τ1 min = 4M ∙ c ∙ χ1 / ∆Q.1.
, I i- .
, ; . . , .
- . - , , . t, . t, . , .
, (. 4.6, ).
. 4.6. :
- ; - ; -
; -
. 4.6, . , , . , . , , , I, II, III. , .
, (. 4.6, ). , . , () . , . , I, II III , .
(. 4.6, ) . , - , - . .
1- , . 1- t, , . I. , 2- ., II. , 3- III. 4- ., III . , , , , : .
t t. . . , , .
, . , .
, .
: , .
∆t. , , ∆t τ ( 1 . 4.6, ), χ τ ( 2 . 4.6, ). , τ , :
τ = M ∙ c ∙ ∆t / [Q.i Q)max = M ∙ c ∙ ∆t / ∆Q.i (1 bmin); (4.12)
τ = M ∙ c ∙ χ / [Q.i Q)min = M ∙ c ∙ χ / ∆Q.i (1 bmax). (4.13)
, bmin bmax 0 1. , . , . : bmax = 0,8÷0,9, bmin = 0,1÷0,2. (4.12) τ. (4.12) (4.13),
χ = ∆t [(1 - bmax)(1 - bmin)].
, .
, , .
. , , ( ). . .
.
, t1 , (. . 4.1 . 42). . , , .
2. . , t2 (. 4.7).
. 4.7.
: , .
, , , , t1. , , , .
, - .
, , . .
, - --. . , .
, , . , - .
(. 4.8) , ( - ) τ1.
. 4.8.
( - )
t1, t2 t1. , τ ( ). , , t2, .. . , :
τ = τ ∙ χ / (t1 t) (4.14)
( t1 Q ). , :
τp = τb / (1 b); (4.15)
τ = τp + τ = τ / (1 - b), (4.16)
b = Q/Q..
τ L v :
τ = L v. (4.17)
b = 0,5(τp = τ). , τmin = 2τ. - .
, , , - .
. , , (4.14)-(4.17) .