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R , : , , , , , , :

I. ( ) a + b = b + a;

II. ( ) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c;

III. ( ) a b R a + x = b ( , ) , . . , a + c = b;

IV. ( ) ab = ba;

"" . .

V. ( ) a(bc) = (ab)c;

VI. ( )

(a + b)c = ac + bc.

:

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. .

5. , 0.

6. , n.

7. ( ).

8. , a b .

, , III.

9. R. , . , , R,

10. (a, b) , :

.

, ( ) . , , +1 1. ( 0). , - .

P, :

VII. ( ) , , ( ) , . . , .

VIII. , .

1-10 2, 3 4, . . , , . 5 VII , a ≠ 0, VIII. VII.

 





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