1. Having done that, they let investors determine the risks for themselves.
2. The governments of 50 states have structures closely paralleling those of the federal governments.
3. Prices paid by consumers also include Value-Added Taxes, reflecting the costs of providing goods and services for sale.
4. VATs are the principal means of indirect taxation in many countries, including the member states of the European Union.
5. In most extreme form, chromic price increases become hyperinflation, causing the entire economic system to break down.
Task IV. Give English equivalents for the following Russian words and phrases:
Знакомиться; бухгалтерский учет; особые навыки; широко использоваться; взаимодействовать в социальных группах; несколько простых принципов; налоги; расширять; стоимость; потребности.
Task V. Translate into English (in writing).
Маркетинг - это процесс планирования и воплощения замысла, ценообразование, продвижение и реализация идей, товаров и услуг посредством обмена, удовлетворяющего цели отдельных лиц и организаций.
Task VI. Translate into Russian (in writing).
Partnership
Partnership, in law, term applied to an association of two or more persons who have agreed to combine their labor, property, and skill, or some or all of them, for the purpose of engaging in lawful business and sharing profits and losses between them; in this definition the term business includes every trade, occupation, and profession. The parties forming such an association are known as partners. Partners may adopt a fictitious name or use a real family name. In the U.S. most states require the filing of a certificate of partnership with the county clerk when an assumed name is used. The agreement to form a partnership is known as a partnership contract, the most important provision of which spells out the manner in which profits are to be distributed.
ВАРИАНТ № 4
Task I. Read the text “What economists” to answer the following questions in writing:
WHAT ECONOMISTS DO
Usually a person is not qualified to use the name “economist” without a graduate degree in economics. By this definition, there are about 100 000 economists in the US.
About half of them are academic economists, who engage in teaching, writing and doing research in colleges and universities. They also write textbooks and journal articles, develop and test new theoretical models, provide consulting services to governments and businesses, and engage in a variety of other professional activities. The other half of the profession works for business or government. Business economists forecast sales and costs, help firms anticipate (or try to influence) government policy. Some business economists work for private lobbying organizations, helping them prepare their arguments to try to affect tax laws, regulations, etc. which are important to particular kinds of Industries.
Government economists also perform a variety of useful tasks. Often the government economist wears a second hat as a policy analyst. Economists forecast tax revenues and Interest rates, analyze who gains and who loses from particular changes, monitor prices, compute total output and perform other useful tasks in the public sector.
In the broader sense, economists study the ways in which people deal with the problems of scarcity.
Task II. Choose the right word:
| 1.We've made sure all our (6) … are very competitive because our customers want value for money. | a) prices b) costs c) charges |
| 2. About half of economists are... economists. | a) academic; b) political; c)professional. |
| 3.... economists forecast sales and costs. | a) government; b) academic; c) business. |
| 4. Forecast tax revenues and interest rates, analyze who gains and who loses from particular changes and different other things are functions of... economists. | a) government; b) business; c) professional. |
| 5. When I started my engineering company five years ago I had to …. _a lot of capital. | a) rise b) raise c) rose |
