1.Being shown this document, he said it belonged to the well-known S-corporation.
2. Having been written the balance sheet was given to the chief executive officer.
3. Having been completed so carefully the material didn't need any corrections.
4. The trademark, a two- or three-dimensional insignia symbolizing a company or industry, dates from about the 16th century.
5. The agency spends most of its time planning, creating, and producing the advertising for its clients.
Task IV. Give English equivalents for the following Russian words and phrases:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
Task V. Translate into English.
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Task VI. Translate into Russian
The Sources of Business Funds
In many ways, money is to business what water is to plants. Plants need water to begin life, to survive and to grow. Similarly, firms need money to begin operations, to meet their day-to-day expenses and to expand. Most of the money used by business comes from the sale of its products and services. Since these funds come from within the firm they are described as internal funds. The rest must come from outside, or external sources.
Internal Funds. As a firm sells its products or services, it receives money, which it uses to meet its expenses. One of these expenses, depreciation, represents the cost of replacing assets (like tools, machinery, and buildings) that wear out. Typically, businesses use internal funds to cover the cost of depreciation.
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Task I. Read the text Economic Systems to answer the following questions in writing:
1. What is an economic system?
2. What are three basic methods that most economic systems use?
3. What does it mean traditional occupations for women in the US?
4. What were traditional occupations for women in the US?
5. What does it mean "command" economy?
6. What does the government own?
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
People and societies organize economic life to deal with the basic problems through economic systems. An economic system can be described as the collection of institutions, laws, incentives, activities that govern economic relationships among people in a society and provide a framework for answering the basic economic questions.
Most economic systems use one or more of three basic methods to make economic decisions: tradition, command and markets. So economic systems are classified into four broad categories, according to how most economic decisions are made. These are traditional, command, market and mixed economies.
Traditional economy. People generally repeat the decisions made at an earlier time or by an earlier generation. Can just anyone be king or queen of England? Tradition answers that question. In the US, women were strongly directed to certain traditional occupations for many years, such as teaching, raising children, nursing and being librarians.
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Command economy. They rely almost totally on government to make economic decisions through centralized authorities. The government owns all the major productive resources. The former USSR and some other eastern bloc countries are examples of countries where government decisions were dominant.
Market economy. Most productive resources are owned by private individuals. Individuals make economic decisions in response to market signals and on the basis of their own preferences.
Mixed economy. The economic system used in most countries lies between the two extremes of command and market economies. Mixed economies answer the basic economic questions partly through the market and partly through the government, with some decisions based on tradition as well.
Task II. Choose the right word:
| 1. People and societies organize... to deal with the basic problems through economic systems. | a) basic methods; b)economic system; c) economic life. |
| 2. Tradition, command and markets are three basic methods to make... | a) economic decisions; b)government decisions; c)productive resources. |
| 3. Economic systems are classified into four... categories. | a) social; b) broad; c) basic. |
| 4. Command economies rely almost totally on... to make economic decisions through centralized authorities. | a) government; b) themselves; c) people. |
| 5... can result if you have no more income to pay your debts. | a) Transfer b) Bankruptcy c) Discount |
