1. ................................................................ 3
........................................................................................................ 5
2. ............................................................................................ 6
1. ..................................................................................................... 6
2. ....................................................................................................................... 9
3. .......................................................................................................................... 19
3. ......................................................................................................................................... 21
4. .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
..................................................................................................................................................................... 26
...................................................................................................................................................... 27
.............................................................................................................................................................. 27
................................................................................................................................................................ 27
................................................................................................................................................................ 27
5. ........................................................................................................... 28
6. ................................................................................................... 31
......................................................................................................... 31
1. ......................................................................................................................... 32
2. ................................................................................................................... 33
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3. .................................. 33
4. ....................................................................................................... 33
5. .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 33
I. ....................... 34
II. ........................................................ 35
..................................................................................................................... 35
......................................................................................................................................................... 36
- ............................................................................................................................. 36
7. .................................................................................................................... 51
8. ........................................................................................................................ 56
9. ..................................... 61
¨ :.......................................................................................................................................... 62
¨ :................................................................................................................................... 62
:................................................................................................................................................ 62
- (step down method)........................................................................................... 63
............................................................................................................................................ 64
10. . .......... 66
I. ............................................................................................... 66
II. .............................................................................................................. 67
................................................................................................................................................ 68
......................................................................................................................................................... 70
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11. ( -) 72
12. () -................................................................................ 74
13. .................................................. 76
14. ................................................................................................ 79
, ................................ 80
1. ........................................................................................................................................ 81
15. ................................................................................................. 84
4 :................................................................................................................................................................. 96
1.
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46 (
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47, 48