, , , , , , , .
, , . (12-15 ). , . .
, , , , . . , . , .
:
- ;
- ( ) ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ; , .
:
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 (, ), , .
5 .
6 , .
|
|
|
7 , .
8 , , , , , , ( ) , ; .
3 1
3.1
, .
3.2
3.2.1
, , , , . .
Fe C : Mn, Si, S P, . ( ): 2,14; Mn 0,8; Si 0,5; 0,07 S 0,06.
.
. (<0,3% ), (0,30,7% ) (>0,7% ). 5%, 510% 10%. S 0,060% 0,070%, 0,040% S 0,035% , 0,025% S 0,025% , 0,015% S 0,025% .
(), , ; (), ; (), , .
: , - .
. . ( 0 6), . , , , . : , . . , : 0, 3, 4, 5.
|
|
|
: 05, 08, 10, 15, 2085, . , 10 0,10% , 45 0,45% ..
: 7, 8, 913 : 7, 813. , , . , .
(0,71,2%), , 3, 3, 5, 15, 20, 25,,70.
, . : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , . , 1,0%. , . , 203 0,20% , 1% Cr, 3% Ni. 0,1% , , , 082 ( 0,08% ).
, . , 5 0,5% . , 1% , : 0,91,0% .
, . , , , , : 203 , 30 .
. 0,450,50% (, 40, 4522, 50). (, 62, 9, ). , , , , , (, 328, 42, 425, 5).
- . , , - . , , - , , (502, 602, 65, 703, 50. 6022); , (12, 12, 155, 10122, 101810, 081416); , , (0813, 4013, 1217, 1528, 12188); (15, 301010, 11013).
, .
, .
, ( ) . . , 4,5% 2,5% , . . , 65 : 0,850,95% ; 5,56,5% W; 3,03,6% Mo; 3,03,6% Cr; 2,02,5% V, 95: 1,41,5% C; 9,010,5% W; 4,55,1% V; 3,84,4% Cr.
|
|
|
, () , . , 6, 9, 15 1% , , 0,6; 0,9; 1,5% Cr. 0,85% 1,7% (, 15, 20).
(0,150,35%) , (0,080,30%) , (0,0020,008%) . , -. , , . : 12, 14, 30, 35.
, . . , . , , , : ; ; . : 30-, 35-, 11013-.
3.2.2
, 2,14% . , .
, , , , . , .
, , .
. , ( ), 10 . : 15, 25 (s ³ 150 ).
, . , . : 38 (s ³ 380 ).
, . , : ( ), 10 , ( ). : 30-6 (s ³ 300 , d ³ 6%).
3.2.3
. : 00 (99,99% Cu), 0 (99,95% Cu), 1 (99,9% Cu), 2 (99,7% Cu), 3 (99,5% Cu), 4 (99,0% Cu).
: , , , , , , , , , .
. - . .
. , , , . : 402 (40% Zn, 2% Pb, Cu), 23632 (23% Zn, 6% Al, 3% Fe, 2% Mn, Cu).
|
|
|
, , , , , . : 96 (96% 4% Zn), 60-- (60% Cu, 1% Al, 1% Fe, Zn).
. , . , , . : 4-4-2,5 (4% Sn, 4% Zn, 2,5% Pb, Cu) . , . : 0663 (6% Sn, 6% Zn, 3% Pb, - u).
3.2.4
: 999 (99,999% l), 995, 99, 97, 95 85, 8, 7, 6, 5, 0. .
. : , 2, 1, 95, 6. . .
( ), , . : 2, 4, 9 .. .
3.2.5
: 96 (99,92% Mq), 95 (99,82% Mq). .
, . : 5, 11, 14, 19.
. : 5, 8, 10.
3.2.6
: 1-00 (99,53% Ti), 1-0 (99,48% Ti), 1-1 (99,44% Ti). , . : 5, 5-1,4, 4-1, 14, 22. . .
3.2.7
, , , . .
() W-Co. , . : 6 (94% W, 6% Co). () Ti-W-Co. , ( ) . : 304 (30% Ti, 4% Co, 66% W).
() Ti--W-Co. . ( ) Ti+, . : 86 (Ti+=8%, 6% , 84% W).
3.3
( , , , ) .
3.1.
3.1
| 2 | , | ||
| 0,25% , Fe | , , | ||
| 20 | 0,20% , 1% Cr, 1% Ni, Fe | , , | |
| 15 | , s ³ 150 | ||
| 203 | 20% Zn, 3% Pb, Cu |
3.2 . , .
|
|
|
3.2
| . | |||||
| 0 | 10 | 30 | 1852 | 12 | |
| 1 | 40 | 13 | 6 | ||
| 1c | 1824 | 121 | 9 | ||
| 1 | 42 | 10 | 623 | ||
| 2 | 10 | 38 | 6 | 63 | |
| 2 | 20 | 13 | 9 | ||
| 3 | 15 | 1224 | 5 | 92 | |
| 2 | 42 | 10 | 655 | ||
| 4 | 16 | 25 | 5 | 95 | |
| 3 | 30 | 12 | 11013 | ||
| 3 | 08189 | 9 | 15 | ||
| 5 | 30 | 18 | |||
| 3 | 383 | 910 | |||
| 6 | 50 | 425 | 1055 | ||
| 4 | 12 | 9 | 12 | ||
| 5 | 092 | 12 | 12 | ||
| 6 | 12 | 11 | 15 | ||
| 4 | 14 | 4 | 1 | ||
| 5 | 303 | 11 | 182 |
3.2
| . | |||||
| 4 | 252 | 9 | 2013 | ||
| 20 | 40 | 40 | 1414 | ||
| 25 | 20 | 65 | 1213 | ||
| 15 | 08 | 40 | 35 | 632 | |
| 3 | 05 | 20 | 8 | 3013 | |
| 50 | 08 | 30 | 7 | 4013 |
3.2
| . | |||||
| 30 | 401,5 | 1 | 14 | 304 | |
| 45-6 | 10-4-4 | 5 | 9 | 5-1 | |
| 35 | 3022 | 6 | 6 | 156 | |
| 42 | 125 | 0 | 5 | 3 | |
| 40 | 96 | 3 | 2 | 148 | |
| 50-4 | 80-3 | 6 | 12 | 18 | |
| 45 | 10 | 4 | 95 | 510 | |
| 50 | 10-3-1,5 | 19 | 18 | 4 | |
| 30-6 | 3-7-5-1 | 2 | 99 | 612 | |
| 60 | 3-1 | 27 | 22 | 712 | |
| 56-4 | 90 | 96 | 6 | ||
| 10 | 68 | 2 | 95 | 6 | |
| 33-8 | 303 | 4 | 5 | 4 | |
| 18 | 5-5-5 | 90 | 6 | 14 | |
| 35-10 | 60 | 9 | 1 | 15 | |
| 15 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 4-1 | |
| 37-12 | 77-2 | 95 | 2 | 12 | |
| 20 | 6,5-0,15 | 16 | 9 | 606 | |
| 80 | 402 | 96 | 1- | 8 | |
| 25 | 9-2 | 3 | 5 | 3-1 | |
| 80-1,5 | 1 | 85 | 1-00 | 86 | |
| 100 | 5 | 1 | 15 | 2 | |
| 60-3 | 1-3 | 8 | 6 | 108 | |
| 120 | 101 | 12 | 10 | 20 | |
| 63-2 | 4-3 | 7 | 11 | 30 |
4 2
.
4.1
. , , .
4.2
, () . . , , .
, . , . . . . , , .
, , , , .
4.2.1
( )
D , d , ( 4.1). (, ) , D, F :
. (4.1)
