TYPES OF TUMOURS
Exercise 1. Learn the following words.
| nutrient | [´nu:trɪәnt] | |
| tumour | [´tu:mә] | |
| prone | [´prәʋn] | |
| cancerous | [´kænsәrәs] | |
| imply | [im´plaɪ] | |
| pinpoint | [´pɪnpoɪnt] | |
| sheath | [´∫i:θ] | |
| notorious | [nәʋ´tɔ:rɪәs] | , |
| occult | [´ɔk ʌ lt, ә´kʌlt] | |
| itching | [´ɪt∫ɪŋ] | |
| radiation | [,reɪdɪ´eɪ∫n ] | |
| chemotherapy | [ki:mәʋ´θerәpɪ] | |
| target | [´tɑ:gɪt] | , |
| transplant | [´træ(ɑ)nsplɑ:nt] | |
| remission | [rɪ´mɪ∫әn] | |
| confined | [kәn´faind] | |
| lodge | [lɔʤ] | |
| leukemia | [lu:´ki:mɪә] | |
| carcinoma | [,kɑ: sɪ´nәʋmә] | |
| identified | [aɪ´dentɪfaɪd] | |
| prostate | [´prɔsteɪt] | |
| sarcoma | [sɑ: ´kәʋmә] | |
| myeloma | [maɪә´lәʋmә]쳺 | 쳺 |
| lymphoma | [lɪm´fәʋmә ] |
Exercise 2. Match the following terms with their definitions. Translate them into Ukrainian.
| 1. remission | the major endocrine gland, a pea-sized body attached to the base of the brain that is important in controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glands. Also called hypophysis. |
| 2. pituitary | a structure in living tissue which closely envelops another the fatty sheath around nerve fibers. |
| 3. transplant | a substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth. |
| 4. sheath | relating to or affecting the colon and the rectum. |
| 5. nutrient | an uncomfortable sensation on the skin that causes a desire to scratch. |
| 6. tumour | tumour composed of tissues not normally present at the site (the site being typically in the gonads). |
| 7. teratoma | an organ or tissue which is transplanted. |
| 8. adenomas | anything that increases a person's chance of developing a particular disease, such as cancer. |
| a swelling of a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue, whether benign or malignant. |
| 10. colorectal | a benign tumour formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue. |
Exercise 3. Find corresponding equivalents:
| 1) to bring about a remission 2) to be under control 3) unwanted side effects 4) occult blood loss 5) the incidence of cancer 6) an effective approach 7) uncontrolled growth 8) harmless to health 9) to respond to chemotherapy 10) to prone to infection 11) the further treatment 12) to destroy the cells 13) a bone marrow 14) a noncancerous tumour | a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) 䳿 n) | ||||||||||||
Exercise 4. Choose one or more nouns from list B to modify the verbs from list A so as to make sense. Translate the word combinations into the native language and make up the sentences of your own with them.
|
|
|
List A: to spread to, to inhibit, to destroy, to carry out, to be not confined to, to depend on, to overproduce, to break away from, to fight, to travel through, to be surrounded by, to be influenced, to imply, to pinpoint, to grow, to destroy, to get rid of, to produce, to attack, to cause, to result from.
List B: for nutrients, the health, in size, tissue, a work, a disease, effects, hormones, a sheath, ability, location, obstruction, humans, mass, the blood, a bone, genetics, a cause, cancer, side effects, cancer cells.
Exercise 5. Read and translate the text
TYPES OF TUMOURS
A tumour fights with normal cells for nutrients and destroys the health cells and tissues the body needs. The tumour continues to grow in size and press onto nearby organs, or nerves causing pain. As tumour grows it attacks tissue and organs directly making them prone to infection, and finally destroying their ability to carry out their work properly. There are two kinds of tumors.
A benign tumour is not cancerous. The term "benign" implies a mild and nonprogressive disease. Indeed, many kinds of benign tumors are harmless to human health. However, some neoplasms is defined as "benign tumors" because they lack the invasive properties of a cancer may still produce negative health effects. Examples of this include tumors which produce a "mass effect" (compression of vital organs such as blood vessels), or tumors of endocrine tissues, which may overproduce certain hormones. Examples include thyroid adenomas, adrenocortical adenomas, and pituitary adenomas. Benign tumors typically are surrounded by an outer surface (fibrous sheath) that inhibits their ability to behave in a malignant manner. Nonetheless, many types of benign tumors have the potential to become malignant and some types, such as teratoma, are notorious for this. Benign tumors are very diverse, and may be asymptomatic or may cause specific symptoms depending on their anatomic location and tissue type. Symptoms or pathological effects of some benign tumors may include:
Bleeding or occult blood loss causing anemia
Pressure causing pain or dysfunction
Cosmetic changes
Itching
'Hormonal syndromes' resulting from hormones secreted by the tumor
|
|
|
Obstruction, e.g., of the intestines
Compression of blood vessels or vital organs
Many benign tumors do not need to be treated at all. If a benign tumor is causing symptoms, presents a health risk, or causes a cosmetic concern for the patient, surgery is usually the most effective approach. Most benign tumors do not respond to chemotherapy or radiation therapy, although there are exceptions.
A malignant tumour is cancerous; it is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells anywhere in a body. The abnormal cells are termed cancer cells, malignant cells, or tumor cells. Many cancers and the abnormal cells that compose the cancer tissue are further identified by the name of the tissue that the abnormal cells originated from (for example, breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer). Cancer is not confined to humans; animals and other living organisms can get cancer. Frequently, cancer cells can break away from this original mass of cells, travel through the blood and lymph systems, and lodge in other organs where they can again repeat the uncontrolled growth cycle. This process of cancer cells leaving an area and growing in another body area is termed metastatic spread or metastatic disease. For example, if breast cancer cells spread to a bone (or anywhere else), it means that the individual has metastatic breast cancer.
There are over 200 types of cancers; most can fit into the following categories according to the National Cancer Institute:
Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.
Sarcoma: Cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.
Leukemia: Cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood.
Lymphoma and myeloma: Cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system.
Central nervous system cancers: Cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord.
The three most common cancers in men, women and children in the U.S. are as follows:
Men: Prostate, lung, and colorectal
Women: Breast, colorectal, and lung
Children: Leukemia, brain tumors, and lymphoma
The incidence of cancer and cancer types are influenced by many factors such as age, sex, race, local environmental factors, diet, and genetics. Consequently, the incidence of cancer and cancer types vary depending on these variable factors.
Scientists have not yet pinpointed an exact cause for cancer. There is no one single cause that is responsible for all cancers. However, many factors have been identified that are likely to lead to the development of cancer in the body. These are called "risk factors for cancer" A risk factor is anything that raises a person's chance of getting a disease over a certain period of time.
Cancer specialists use different treatments to get rid of cancer - primarily: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and biotherapy. Depending on what type of cancer people have, they could have one kind of treatment or a combination of treatments. Others treatments for cancer include hormonal drugs, mainly in treating breast and prostate cancer, antibody treatment, which targets the surface of cancer cells with certain features, and blood stem cell transplant.
Treatment choices for a person with cancer depend on three things:
1. the type of cancer and location of tumour
2. the stage of the tumour (meaning if it has spread and how far)
3. the patient's age and general health
Treatments for cancer sometimes cause unwanted side effects such as hair loss, nausea, and weakness.
Destroying cancer cells brings about a remission, which is a period of time when the cancer is under control or when all the signs and symptoms of the cancer disappear. Complete remissions may continue for years and be considered cures. If the disease returns, another remission often can occur with further treatment.
|
|
|
Exercise 6. Answer the questions:
1. What do we call a tumour?
2. Why are some neoplasms defined as "benign tumors"?
3. What are the main examples of benign tumors?
4. What inhibits benign tumors ability to behave in a malignant manner?
5. Depending on what may benign tumors cause specific symptoms?
6. What are the main pathological effects of some benign tumors?
7. What is the most effective approach in treating benign tumors?
8. What factors are called "risk factors for cancer"?
9. What treatments do the Cancer specialists primarily use to get rid of cancer?
10. What three things do the treatment choices for a person with cancer depend on?
Exercise 7. Choose the proper continuation on the right. Open the brackets and use verbs in the correct tense and voice. Read and translate into Ukrainian.
| Palliative (') therapy | is the treatment of cancer with drugs that (to destroy) cancer cells. It often (to use) to fight cancer that has spread to the other areas of the body and cannot be easily detected or treated by surgery or radiation therapy. It usually (to consist) of a combination of several anti-cancer drugs. The doctors (to decide) which groups of drugs to use depending on what type of cancer the person has. It (to give) usually many times for several months or years. It may be given alone or in combination with radiation therapy. | |
| Radiation | is a treatment that uses the body own natural defence system known as the immune system. Our body (to have) its own defence mechanisms against tumour cells including processes to repair mutations of DNA, and certain cells and substances of the immune system, which can (to destroy) cancer cells. When a person (to develop) cancer, it (to mean) that these "natural" defences are no longer effective against the cancer. It is designed to repair, stimulate, and improve the ability of the patient's immune system to fight cancer. It is used to: Stop, control, or suppress processes that promote cancer growth; Boost the killing power of the body's immune system cells, such as T-cells, NK-cells (natural killer cells), and macrophages; Change cancer cells' growth patterns to promote behaviour like that of healthy cells; Enhance the body's ability to repair or replace normal cells damaged or destroyed by other forms of cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy or radiation; and Prevent cancer cells from spreading to other parts of the body. | |
| Chemotherapy | is used to remove a tumour that is localised in a tissue or organ. The surgeon (to remove) the cancer cells or the tumour completely. Some healthy cells may also (to remove) to make sure that all the cancer is gone. It is often combined with chemotherapy and/or radiation to ensure all cancer cells are removed. | |
| Surgery | (medical care or treatment used to reduce disease symptoms but unable to cure the patient) utilizes the same treatments described above. It is done with the intent to extend and improve the quality of life of the terminally ill cancer patient. There are many other palliative treatments to reduce symptoms such as pain medications and antinausea medications. | |
| Biological Therapy | is one of the most common treatments for cancer. The radiologist (to aim) a beam of high-energy rays, such as X-rays and gamma rays, directly onto a tumour using a radiotherapy machine. These beams of radiation are many times more powerful than those produced in ordinary x-ray machines, in that they can (to damage) and destroy cancer cells causing the tumour to shrink and even remove it completely. In order (to focus) the beam accurately onto the tumour, many X-rays films and Computer Tomography (CT) scans (to take) to identify the exact position of the tumour. These treatments for cancer (to take) only a few minutes and often are given over a period of several weeks. Depending on the stage of the cancer, treatment with radiation may (to give) alone or with chemotherapy. | |
|
|
|
