s . s s < 10-4 /, 10-4 / ≤ s ≤ 10-2 / s >10-2 /.
.
(, Ksp) . .
. - .
́ ́ , , .
, - - :
Al(NO3)3 + 3(NH3 H2O) = Al(OH)3↓ + 3NH4NO3 (20 C)
Al(NO3)3 + 3(NH3 H2O) = AlO(OH)↓ + 3NH4NO3 + H2O (80 C)
, ́, (
). . II,III,IV.
, , . . . .
.
, () ( ).
[1]:
1. ( ):
CO32− + H2O = HCO3− + OH−
Na2CO3 + 2 = NaHCO3 + NaOH
( , , )
2. ( ):
Cu2+ + 2 = CuOH+ + +
CuCl2 + 2 = CuOHCl + HCl
( , , )
.
, , , .
, ,
. . . .
h .
, :
|
|
.
, . , H+ -, , , ; . - .
. - - , . , - .
1., ( ).
NH4Cl+HOH<>NH4OH+HCl
NH4+ +Cl-+HOH<>NH4OH+H++ Cl-
NH4+ +HOH<>NH4OH+H+
H+, , 7.
2. , ( ).
CH3COONa+HOH<>CH3COOH+NaOH
CH3COO-+Na++HOH<>CH3COOH+Na++OH-
CH3COO-+HOH<>CH3COOH+OH-
, , >7.
3. , ( ).
CH3COONH4 +HOH<>CH3COOH+NH4OH
CH3COO- + NH4+ +HOH<>CH3COOH+NH4OH
, , ~7.
4. , .
. H+ OH- , , 7.