: .
- () . , , , . . , 8 20 . , . , , , .
. . , . . A W, :
A + W(.) A(.) + W (5.1)
(.) .
, , ( - ), , - . . , , , (. . 7.2 7.3). , . 1 10 . , , . , . 50 100.
, . , . , , . , , . , , . , ( ), .
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. , , , - , , - . (). 1 , . , , .
. , , , , , /. , . ; , , - , .
, , ,
nA An (5.2)
An - n.
. ( " ").
2H3COOH (H3COOH)2 (5.3)
і - = . 2, , n = 50-100.
, (5.2). :
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, (5.4)
[ ] . , An, , ,
= [ A ] + n [ An ] (5.5)
, :
x = n [ An ]/ (5.6)
[ An ] = x / n, [ A ] = (1 x) C
(5.7)
x - n, :
(5.8)
x. . 5.1 ) n = 2 100 . . 5.1 ) . , n = 2 2 , . n = 100, 100 ~ 0.09 / (9×105 /), , 0.09 /. , 1 x - 1 , > ~ 0.09 /, (. 5.1 ). , 0.09 /, "" .
n , , , x , n. n, n = 2 (. 5.1 ), . n = 2 100 . 5.1 , , x .
, (5.2) , (5.4). . -, , n . -, - , n (5.4, 5.7 5.8).
10 0.1 / ( 102 104 /). . , , :
- ;
- (, , );
- , (, , );
- (, NaCl ).
, , ( ) ( ) . - , , .
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. , - J () < , > , J = j(). , () j(), . . 5.2.
( ). ( < ) , . > , . , .
. , , , , - (5.2) . , , - , : , (. . 5.2). , , - , . , .
, , ( ). - . < , , l = l¥ Ö. > , , , < . . -, . -, , (. . 7.2 7). , - , . , > ( ) , [ A ] (. 5.1 ), ( ) , 1 x - .
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. , Na+ Na+ -. , > , - . ( ) , .
. G . (3.6) , , . s 3.5, :
(5.9)
< , [ A ] = . (5.9) s
, (5.10)
s 0 .
,
b (5.1) ().
³ , - , = . d ln [ A ] (5.9) . (5.9) :
(5.10)
, s < ³ . (5.10 5.10) . - . . < s . . , . - . , (5.10) s .
, s < > , , < (. . 5.2). , , - > . , s , s .
. , . (1863 ), (mg), , 2p R s:
mg = 2p Rs (5.11)
R . , , , , "". , . 5.3, , . , . , Y
mg = 2p Rs×Y, (5.11)
R v:
Y = (5.12)
(. 5.4).
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, n, . , , ( . 5.3 ). , , , . n. V, v mg
v = V/n (5.13)
mg = v×r×g (5.14)
r - . (5.14) (5.11)
(5.15)
V, (5.13), . . , . R :
, (5.16)
( ). Y R, , . 5.1. , R . ( R ''') R .
(5.11) , , , . . -, . , . , . 5.3, . /, , . , ¥: =
vm , r , . , , , . / , . . , , ( , ..). 80 % , , .
1. 1733Na 1.00 / ~ 0.1 /. , :
, : | ||||||
, : | - | |||||
, /: | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.177 | 0.1 | 0.05 |
, 1 . , V, . ( , V 1.103 3)
2. ( ), , , 10 , . 5-10 / .
3. , , . ( ) . , , . n .
1 . , , .
4. , . 2 3 .
1. n (. . 5.2) .
2. v 0 ( = 0) 5.13, . R , . 5.1. s 0 r 0 , , . 4.2 4 . Y R (. 5.3). Y . 5.4. , R i R i-1 e = , 0.5 %. , R .
3. 5.13 . (. . 5.4). . 5.4 Y . v Y s 5.15. r , 5.15, , 0.1 / ( 4, . 4.3)
4. s . , . (. 5.5), , . , , , , . 5.5: , ( , ).
5. (/) .
1. ? ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ? ?
7. ?
8. ? , ?
9. ? , , ?
10. ? .
11. , ?
12. s ? ?
13. ?
14. s? , ?
15. ?
.., .., .., .., .. . . 1. : 1986, . 5.
Berthod A. Structures physico-chimiques des milieux disperses, micelles, emulsions et microemulsions. Journal de chimie physique 1983, vol. 80, p. 407-424 ( ).
. . (. .) : 1979, 1 ( s), 11 ( ).
Dickinson E., Stainsby G. Colloids in food. L: Applied Science 1982, Chapter 4 ( ).
- .. . 2. (. .) : 1962, 19 ( s).
Micelles, membranes, microemulsions, and monolayers. (Ed. W.M. Gelbart, A. Ben-Shaul, D. Roux) N.Y.: Springer-Verlag, 1994, Chapter 1 ( 5.2)
Harkins W.D., Brown F.E. The determination of surface tension (free surface energy), and the weight of falling drop. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1919, vol. 41, 499-524 ( . 5.4)
.., .., .. , . 1970, 32, 327-332 ( . 5.5)
. 5.1 (, ) (x, ) (1x) . ( /) () n = 100.
. 5.2 J ( )
. 5.3 , . , .
. 5.4 Y . > 0.3 (), < 0.3 . ()
. 5.5 () , . , .
. .