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:




:

































 

 

 

 





 

(n) , (, , , , , .) .

.

, (, , , , .), 12 12, 6,021023.

(6,021023) . -1.

, , , , , , .

1 . /.

, (2) = 18 /, (NaOH) = 40 /, (HNO3) = 63 /.

, , , - - .

, .

1 , .. 6,021023 . (f.), ( ), (). /.

, , - - .

, .

f.() = , z -

- - ; -, ;

- , - .

:

 

, ,
( )= () ( Al2O3)= 102= 17(/)
( )= () ( H2SeO4)= 145=72,5(/)
( )= () ( Ca(OH)2)= 74=37(/)
( )= () ( Fe2(SO4)3)= 400=66,67(/)

 

:

H2SO4 + NaOH = NaHSO4 + H2O

H2SO4 + 2NaOH = Na2SO4 + 2H2O

 

H2SO4 , , ( 1, f= ), ( 2, f= ).

( H2SO4)=1 (H2SO4)=98 (/)

( H2SO4)= (H2SO4)=49(/)

 

- .

, :

 

, .

f(Na) = 1/1, f(S) = 1/2.

:

(Na) = f(Na) M(Na);

Ar (Na) = 23, M(Na) = 23 /, (Na) = (1/1)23 = 23 (/);

(S) = f(S) M(S);

Ar (S) = 32, M (S) = 32 /, (S) = (1/2)32 = 16 (/).

 

.

 

.

=

:

= ,

.. :

n 1 = n 2

, , :

,

( ).

, , (1,0 .), 0,1 - (0,1 .), 0,01 (0,01 .)

.

 

1. .

1. (II) 1,5051023 ?

. - (II), , :

(-) =

(II) u(OH)2, -. ,

(Cu(OH)2) = .

2. .

1. 28,57% . .

. m(Me) m(O)

= (1)

100 , m(O)=28,57 m(Me)=71,43. ()=8/, 1 :

()=

 

3. .

1. 2,14 2 (..). .

.

(2)

. (Me) = ; . (H2) = , (3)

(H2) ,

;

Vm .., 22,4 /.

(2) (3)

,

.

4. .

1. 3,85 1,6 . .

.

= (4)

M1 = M(Me) + M(NO3-) = M(Me) + 62

M2 = M(Me) + M(OH-)= M(Me)+17

(4)

= = .

M(Me),

M(Me)=15/.

 

5. .

1. 1 .. 1,175 . .

. 22,4 ,

() = 1,175 22,4 = 26,32 (/).

1 6,02 1023 ,

m=

6. - .

1. . .

. , , - - .

:

, .

f(Al) = 1/3, f(S) = 1/2.

, 1 - 1 - . :

(Al) = f(Al) M(Al);

Ar (Al) = 27; M(Al) = 27 /; (Al) = 1/327 = 9 /;

(S) = f(S) M(S);

Ar (S) = 32; M(S) = 32 /; (S) = 1/232 = 16 /.

 





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