.
1. , , , .
, , .
2. .
1. , .
( ) | |||
+ | +1 | 1 ... | |
n0 | 1 ... | ||
- | -1 | 1/1840 |
3. () (Z).
- , N(p) N(e-) ( + = -):
N(e-) = N(p) = Z
4. . , .
= N(p) + N(n) N(n) = A Z
: 75.
75
33 As
: As 33. , Z= +33, 33. : A Z = 75 33 = 42.
5. .
, ( , , , ).
6. , , .. .
, .
: : 12 13. , 1 : 12 6 , 14 7 .
: , (D) (T)
.
1. .
, , () . 1, 2,.., n, .
2. , , ( ).
: 7 ( 7 ).
3. 2 ( 1 , , , - ( .)).
4. :
|
|
N=2n2 , n , , N . 1 2- , 2- 8, 3- 18 ..
))))
2 8 18 32
5. , . , .
6. 8- ( 1 2-).
, ( ).
, . , ( ).
Na0))) -1 = Na+))
2 8 1 2 8
+11, 11, +11, 10,
+1.
Cl0))) +1 = Cl-)))
2 8 7 2 8 8
+17, 17, +17, 18,
-1.
7. , , . s, p, d, f.
, , . .
: ¨, - : ¯.
( . )
- , .
- s- ( ) , p- ( ) - , d- ( ) - .
:
1s22s22p63s23p6...
, 3d5 - 5 3d-.
, 1s22s22p63s23p5.
3. ( ):
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d
4. , , , : 1s22s22p63s23p5 -; 1s22s22p63s2 s-, 1s22s22p63s23p54s23d1 d-.