1860 . .
" , , , , , , ... , ... ‑, . ... . , , , , . (Reports of Insp. of Fact., April I860, p. 57).
1860 . .
, ; , , , . ‑, , , , , , ... , (Reports of Insp. of Fact., October I860, p. 37).
1861 . .
... , . . , (Reports of Insp. of Fact., April 1861, p. 33).
, 1860 . ; .
, , 1860 (Reports of Insp. of Fact., October 1863, p. 127). 1860 . , 30000 . , ... , . , , , (Reports of Insp. of Fact., October 1862, p. 28, 29, 30).
1861 . .
... , . , , ... , , (Reports of Insp. of Fact., October 1861, p. 19).
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. ‑ (Surat). . . . . . .
: , , , (, 40, 1232) , , . . 16 12 22 16 . ., , , , . . , 8‑ 5'/4 2 3/4 . . 5 1/4 . . 50% , , , , (Reports of Insp. of Fact., April 1864, p. 27).
, , , ‑ , , , . , , , , 15 20 (Reports of Insp. of Fact., October 1863, p. 63.
, China clay, , French chalk).
( ‑) ‑ . , . , ; ; ; 10 , , , , ( , . 4243).
, , , . . ... (Reports of Insp. of Fact., October 1861, p. 12, 13).
1861 . . 57 1/2%, , , . , . . :
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, , , (Reports of Insp. of Fact., April 1861, p. 23).
1862 . .
; (Reports of Insp. of Fact., April 1862, p. 10). , ‑, 1848 ., , , , , , , ... 1848 . 15% , 12% , 70% . 28 1862 . 15% , 35% , 49% ... , , , , , (. 16).
1862 . .
, 1861 . 2887 : 2 109 ( ). , , , 2109 . , , , , . 392 , 19% , 10 ; 345, 16%, 10 20 ; 1 372 20 ... ; , ... , , 2/3" (Reports of Insp. of Fact., October 1862, p. 18, 19).
, 40146 , 11,3%; 134767, 38%; 179 721, 50,7%. , , , , , , : 8,5%, 38%, 53,5% (. 19, 20).
, . , , , , , ; , , ... (. 27).
1863 . .
(Reports of Insp. of Fact., April 1863, p. 14).
‑ , , , . , . , , : , ; , , . 20%, 50% 1861 (. 13). ... , ... , , ( 1863 .) , . , , , . ( ); , , , , 4 . , , 1 . . ... , , 14 8 . 11 , , (, !), . 6 . 11 . 1862 . 59 . , 26 . ... , ... ' . , , , , , . , ... , , , ... 5%, 7'/2% 10%:.. , ... , , , , (Reports of Insp. of Fact., October 1863, p. 41‑43).
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, . , : , , , , ( , . , . I. . 536). . , , , . , , , . , , , , ...
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. , , , . ... , , (Reports of Insp. of Fact., October 1863, p. 97).
, , .
. , (labour test), , (. 69). 1863 . . : 1) , ( ); 2) ; 3) (remunerati v e wages). 1863 . , , 883 700 . . (. 70).
, , , . .
‑ , , :
, , , , , . , , , , , 14 18 .
( 4 12 . ; 8 . : ‑, ; ‑, .)
, , , , , , , , , , . , : , , , , , 14, 16 20 . 1012 , ‑ , ‑ (. 91, 92). ; ... (. 69).
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1864 . .
, , , , ... , , . ‑ . , ... ; , , (Reports of Insp. of Fact., April 1864, p. 9).
, . , ‑ 45 . . ‑ 1848 ., , , .
in corpore v ili[578]
(, ), , , .
C , ; , , , . 15% ‑ ‑ 50% 60%.
, , , :
, , 6 , 4 , 6 . 8 1/2 ; , , 4 1/2 , 6 ; , , 4 , 5 , 5 . 1 ; D, , 6 , 4 , 7 . 10 ; , , 7 , 3 , 5 . . .
:
, , , , , , , , , (Reports of Insp. of Fact., October 1863, p. 5053).
5 1863 ., , 7 ( , . 121).
25 1863 . , ( , . 13).
, ... 15% ... , , 5% , , 2030% . , , . 1860 . 5 . 7 , 1863 . 3 . 4 ... , 3 6 ( ), 1 . 3 . 6 .
, ‑,
1860 . 1825 ., 10 18 . , , , , (. 43, 44). ‑ , , , (. , . 53), 1861 . , , 1861 ; , (. 105).
.
, , , , , . , 2550% , ; , 3 . 6 , 2 . 4 , (. 57).
. , , , , ,
. , , , , , (. 96).
‑ , , 22 1864 . , , (). ?
:
, , , , , , . , . . , :
1) . , , . { , , . . .}
2) , , , , , , , , , , ; , , ; , , , . . , , , , . 1 000 . ., 1 000 . . , 9000 . ., 11000 . . . ' =1000/10000 = == 10%. ' = 1000/12000 = 8 1/3%. , , , , = 1 000 = 1 000, , , . , , , , ; , . , , , , , .
(), ( , , , , ) , , , , , , , .
. ‑, , , , , , . ( , .) 100 . ., = 20 . ., = 20%. , , 100 . ., 200 . ., 40 . ., . . 20 . 50 . ., 10 . 40: 200 = 10: 50 20: 100 = 20%. , , , . , , .
, , v:, . . , ( ), , , . , , ,
K/n, , 1000, 2000, 500, 20% = 200, = 400, = 100, 200/1000=400/2000=100/500= 20%. , , . .
, , , , . , , ( ) , ( , . .) . .
, , . . ; , , .
, , , , , , . , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , ; , 100 . ., 200 . . 50 . , , , . , , , . ( ) , . .
[1] , . , ‑, . , . : . , , , ., , , , , , . , , ,
[2] . . , 1859, . 39 [. , . 13, . 47].
[3] . , ‑ . . Saturday Review , , (charm). ‑ 8 (20) 1872 . : ( ) , , , . ... , ... , . e‑‑ , ‑ .
[4] Le Capital, par Karl Marx. Traduction de M. J. Roy, entierement revisee par 1'auteur. Paris, Lachatre. , ,
[5] . : 40 , , , . : 21 22 . Evening Standard, 1 1886
[6] * . .
[7] * . , I, . 9 (12IS. Pe, , .
[8] ** .
[9] . . , 1859, . 3 [. . . , 2 ., 13, . 13].
[10] , , , ... , . Nicholas Barbon. A Discourse concerning Coining the New Money lighter. In Answer to Mr. Locke's Considerations etc.. London 1696, p. 2, 3.
[11] (vertue ), ; , (N. rb, . ., . 6). ,
[12] [natural worth] ‑ (John Locke. Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest, 1691, in Works. London, 1777, v. II, p. 28). XVII worth value : , , , ,
[13] fictio juris [ ], , ,
[14] , , (Le Trosne, "De 1'Intérêt Social, Physiocrates, ed. Daire, Paris, 1846, p. 889)
[15] (N. rb, . ., . 6), , :
The value of a thingjust as much as it will bring"
[ , )] 24
[16] , , . , , , ... , (N. rb, . ., . 53 7)
[17] 2 . ( ( ), , , (Some Thoughts on the Interest of Money in general, and particularly in the Public Funds etc.. London, p. 36). . , II, 1739 1740
[18] , , ; , (Le Trosne, , ., . 893)
[19] . " . , 1859, . 6 [. . . , 2 ., 13, . 16]
[20] 11a ( 4 . , , , , , , , . . .)
[21] . . , 1859, . 12, 13 . [. , 13, . 21, 22 .]
[22] , , , . , , . ( , , , , ) , , , , (ietr Vrri. dditazoni sulla nmia liti ( 1771 .) , t drn, t. XV, . 21, 22)
[23] . g1. hilosophie des Rechts. lin, 1840, S. 250, 190
[24] , , , , , , .
[25] 2 . , , , . . , c, , , , (Wealth of Nations v. I, h. V).
[26] , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , . ... (n nd its Vicissitudes. London, 1837, . 11). .
[27] 17 2 . , , , : , , (h Works f . Franklin t., dited b Sks. ston, 1836, V. II, p. 267). , , , , . , . , ,
[28] . : , , , . , . , , .
[29] , , , . .
[30] 2 . . : , , , , , , , , ... , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , , (J. rdhurst. liti1 nm. Lndon, 1842, . 11, 14)
[31] . , , . , , ,
[32] * Kleider machen Leute (: , : , : ). .
[33] 2 . F.L. , Frrier (sous‑inspecteur des douanes). Du Gouvernement considere dans ses rapports avec le commerce. ris, 1805, harles Ganilh. Ds Systeines de l Economie Polittique, 2eme ed. ris, 1821
[34] 22 2 . ,
[35] , , , , . . , , . . . , . ... ... , .., , ; , , , ( iticl Dissertation n the Nature, sures, nd uses f Vlu; hiefl in fn t the writings f . Ricardo nd his followers. By the Author f Essays on the Formation etc. off Opinions. London, 1825, . 39). . , , , , . , , , , , Westminster Review
[36] , , , . , , , . , n lus ultra [] , , , , , , . , , , , , , . . , ,
,
[37] , pour encourager les autres [ ] ,
[38] 2 . ; : Tagwerk ( Tagwanne) (jurnale jurnalis, terra jurnalis, jornalis diurnalis), Mannwerk, Mannskraft, Mansmaad, Mannshauet . . . Georg Ludwig von Maurer. Einleitung zur Geschichte der Mark‑, Hof‑, u. s. w. Verfassung. Műnchen, 1854, S. 129 sq
[39] 2 ‑. , : La Ricchezza è una ragione t due persone, : , (Galiani, Della Moneta, . 221, III : Scrittori Classici Italiani di Economia Politica. Parte Moderna. Milano, 1803)
[40] , ? , , ( . Deutsch‑Französische Jahrbűcher, . , 1844 [. , 1, 561])
[41] 2 . . , , . , , 1817 . ‑ 34, , , ( . . , 1859, . 38, 39 [. , 13, . 4647])
[42] 2 . , . , . , ; , , . , , , . , , , ( . . , 1859, . 10 [. , 13, . 20])
[43] . , , , , . , , , , . , , . , , , : , , , . . , . , ... , , , , , (Ricardo. The Principles of Political Economy, 3 ed. London, 1821, p. 334). , . , , , , , , , , , , , ( ) . , ( ) , . : ( ). , , , . . . , , ,
[44] , , , ,
[45] . : , . , , , . , ... , , ( . . ‑ , 1847, . 113 [. , 4, . 142]). ‑ , , . , , , ‑, , . , ‑ , ‑ , , . , , , , , ? . , , , ‑ ? , , ‑ , 1859. , , , , , , [. , 13, . 6, 7], , , , , , , , . , , , ‑ . , , , . , , , , , . , , , , , . , ‑ , ,
[46] Observations on certain verbal disputes in Political Economy, particularly relating to Value, and to Demand and Supply. London, 1821, p. 16.
[47] S. Bailey, A Critical Dissertation on the Nature etc. of Value, p. 165.
[48] Observations . , . : , , , , , , . , , , e ,
[49] XII , , . , , , 37, , , , , . , femmes folles de leur corps [ ]
[50] , justice éternelle, , , , , , , . , , . , , , naturalité affinité [ ]? , justice eternellé [ ], équité éternelle, mutualité éternelle [ , ] verités éternelles [ ], , , , grâce éternelle, foi éternelle, volonté éternelle de Dieu [ , , ]?
[51] . , ; , . , , ‑, , , , . . (Aristoteles. De Republica, . 1, . 9)
[52] , , . . , . , . . , . 61 . [ , 13, . 67 .]
[53] , , , ,