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Prepositions that show Logical Relationships




The following examples deal with some common problems with prepositions but they do not cover all meanings of each preposition.

 

1.Preposition “ of ” shows the relationship between a part or parts and the whole. (When “ one ” comes before “of” “one “ is the subject of the clause and takes a singular verb even though the noun after “ of ” must be plural.)

 

One of our friends has a car.

One of the best methods is the one that you used yesterday.

 

But: Much of the water is polluted. (uncountable)

 

Plural nouns must be replaced by plural pronouns.

One of them has a car.

One of them is the one that you used yesterday.

Many of them have cars.

Ten of them are missing.

Some of them are here.

 

An uncountable noun can follow “of” and can usually be replaced by “it”.

 

Some of the rice (it) has been burned.

Much of the advice (it) that I get is useless.

All of the news (it) is good today.

None of the information (it) was helpful.

Chris is a doctor of dentistry.

Bart is a professor of biology.

 

2. Prepositions “of; out of; from” are used to show origin and material.

 

Willis is a citizen of Australia.

Sara is a student from Mexico.(her home is Mexico)

George is a student of Mexico.(He studies about Mexico)

They are residents of the United States.

Amanda is a doctor from Massachusetts.(Her home is in Massachusetts).

Amanda is a doctor of medicine.(kind of doctor).

The desk is made of/from/out of wood.

This cloth comes from India; it is made of/from/out of silk.

This jam is made of/ from/ out of strawberries. Butter is mad e of/ from/ out of cream.

 

Of can also show material or content.

 

We bought a basket of tomatoes. (Tomatoes were in the basket).

We bought a basket of straw. (The basket was made out of straw).

 

3. For is used to show purpose

 

Thelma is going for an interview tomorrow.

Larry needs a new case for his camera.

 

4 .On and About are used to show a subject.

 

I just bought a book on/about botany.

Walter has read many articles on/about opera.

 

5.Prepositions except and but show omission.

 

No one but/except Catherine saw the new schedule.

Everyone is ready except/but Arthur.

 

6. Prepositions by and with show an agent and preposition without shows the lack of the agent.

 

They traveled by foot, car, plane, train, etc.

The small boy tied his shoes by himself. (without any help. With no help from anyone).

 

7. Prepositions on account of, because of, owing to, due to are used to show the cause.

Owing to

Due to

On account of

Because of his age, he couldn’t get the job he wanted.

 

 

Do not confuse because of with because. Because introduces a dependent clause; it must be followed by a subject and a verb.

Because he was too young, he couldn’t get the job he wanted.(Conjunction)

Because of his age, he couldn’t get the job he wanted.

 

8. Prepositions besides, together with, as well as, with, in addition to show ideas and information. Do not confuse beside and besides.

 

Three teams besides/in addition to/ together with/as well as ours played in the tournament. (Besides is usually the best choice to avoid wordiness).

 

The teams with their supporters filled the gym.

 

9. Preposition without shows lack or omission.

Without their supporters, the teams played in an empty gym.

 

10. Prepositions in spite of or despite show concession.

Despite

In spite of the bad weather, our trip to the mountains was a success.

 

Many people are cheerful in spite of their problems.

 

11. Preposition like shows similarities. Preposition as is used only in the meaning “ in the role of”, otherwise, use as a conjunction.

 

Like father, like son.

He looks like his father, walks like his father, and eats like his father.

 

Now I am speaking not as your doctor but as your friend.(prepositions)

She is not as friendly as her brother is. (conjunction).

 

12. Do not confuse to as a preposition with to in the infinitive phrase.

Prepositions of space are often used in a figurative sense to show logical relationships.

 

What are the reasons behind your proposal?

Cliff’s reputation is above reproach.

The costs have gone above/beyond the estimate.

Participial Prepositions

 

A number of –ing forms can be followed by nouns or pronouns in a construction similar to that of a prepositional phrase.

 





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