Examples include:
We need t o come up with a solution soon.(=find/produce)
We should try to cut down on spending.(=to reduce)
Ill get on to Mrs.Butler and give you her reply shortly.(=contact)
Its difficult to get on with Mr.Grundy; he is so bad-tempered.(to see eye to eye with)
Its vital to keep up with the developments in information technology.(be fully informed)
I look forward to seeing you again.(= anticipate with pleasure)
Were late so well have to work hard to make up for lost time.(=compensate for)
The failure can be put down to low quality control.(=explained by/ attributed to)
She wants more responsibility and has put in for promotion.(=applied for)
Ive had t o put up with a lot of unfair criticism.(=to tolerate)
PRACTICE
1. Decide which of these sentences doesnt need an object to complete it. If it does, choose an appropriate sentence ending from those on the right.
1. Neither of the opponents would give in
2. Our policy is never to turn away
3. Shes thought up a)a lot of abuse
4. A number of reasons can account for b)a new name for the brand
5. She came in for c)a customer
6. I was completely taken in d)a meeting with the director
7. I wonder when it will turn up e)the change
8. I dont understand what youre getting at
9. Crowds of people were turned away
10. Try to fix up
2. Decide which of these sentences are acceptable (A) and which are unacceptable (U).
Example: We brought the meeting forward........A.....
We brought forward the meeting.......A....
We brought forward it...........U......
1. Weve sent off the catalogue to the printers........
2. Weve sent it off to the printers...............
3. Weve sent off it to the printers..............
4. She wants to put off the meeting until next week.......
5. She wants to put it off until next week.
6. She wants to put the meeting off until next week.
7. Could you go over the report again for me?....
8. Could you go the report over for me?......
9. Could you go it over for me?......
10. Were trying to break into a new market......
11. Were trying to break a new market into........
12. Were trying to break it into......
13. We are going to phase out the new model.......
14. Were going to phase the old model out.........
15. Were going to phase it out.......
3. Match the sentence halves.
1. He may break up. a) with whats been going on
2. We need more facts to back up. b)in conversation
3. Her name often comes up. c)itll mess up all our plans
4. Ive been away so I need to catch up. d)the terms of the contract
5. If the bank refuses the loan e)under all the stress
6. The lawyer has drawn up f)our arguments.
4. Complete the sentences with the verbs: play up, follow up, pay up, work up, look up, face up to.
1. Hes too young to...........such a heavy responsibility.
2. The director will now............the committees suggestions.
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3. I just cant............any enthusiasm for the idea.
4. Now we have a new dynamic team, things will start to..........
5. Did the insurance company..........after all that argument?
6. The mechanism has begun to.........again and it needs an urgent repair.
5. Complete the sentences choosing from the following verbs. There are more verbs than necessary. (Think up, turn up, save up, clear up, set up, keep up, hold on, take up, do up)
1. How long did it take you to........for a new yacht?
2. Can you help me............ this mess?
3. Its difficult to............with all the new developments.
4. He gave his son some capital to...........his own business.
5. I dont want to...........you..............if youre in a hurry.
6. How did you............such a clever way out of the difficulty?
(play down, run down, break down, cut down, bring down, note down)
7. The talks are likely to............if both parties refuse the compromise.
8. The old system is being progressively............... and will soon be replaced.
9. Retailers are having to............ their prices to attract custom.
10. Ill just............ your address and phone number.
11. In a time of rising costs we should............... on our spending.
12. The minister is bound to............the scale of the disaster.
6. Multi-word verbs with up, down, over.
Match the sentences halves.
1. Weve kept our prices down, but as a result,
2. Theyre winding up their operations in Brazil and
3. My father set up the company in 1982 and
4. The share price shot up 25%
5. The talks were on the point of breaking down
6. The prime minister stepped down when
7. Think it over, if you agree to the terms,
1. I took over the business when he retired.
2. when we took over our nearest rival.
3. the Sao Paulo factory will close down soon.
4. well draw up a contract.
5. weve had to cut down on production costs.
6. she failed to win over public opinion.
7. when the Swedish ambassador came up with a brilliant solution.
7. Match the particle (1-5) to one of the meanings(a-e)
1. up a)writing/recording
2. down b)considering
3. on c)beginning
4. off d)continuing
5. over e)completing
7 (a) Combine the verbs below with a particle above to make a multi-word verb and then indicate its area of meaning.
1. think over =considering
2. spark
3. wind
4. sum
5. look
6. note
7. keep
8. Sentence rearrangement. Put the words in order to make sentences.
1. need we to for lost time make up
2. back want to agreement out they of the
3. the up firm strong again ran competition
4. round after a drafting a to delay he long got reply
5. a of have people put chairmans for the number job in
6. thinks Roger hes an up with come problems answer our to.
9. A phone conversation. Complete the following phone conversation using these verbs and particles. (call, fix, get, hold, put, read, tied, back, back, back, on through, up, up)
A. Multiplex plc, can I help you?
B. Yes, Id like to speak to Mr. Webster, please.
A. Certainly, Ill just.............you. Sorry, the lines busy. Would you like to..........or..............later?
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B. Um, could you take a message?
A. Certainly.
C. Could you tell him that Ill be............all day Friday. So if he can......................to me
we can..............another time to meet.
A. Right, and your name?
B. Its Kamal Ahmed on 0207542 6688.
A. Ill just...............that................. to you. Kamal Ahmed 020 7542 6688.
B. Great. Thanks for your help.
UNIT 11 ADVERB
Adverbs modify or change the meaning of other words. Words that modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a particle, a phrase, a clause or even a whole sentence are called adverbs. Adverbs can be classified according to form, meaning and function.
FORM
Many single-word adverbs are formed by adding ly to another word, usually an adjective: soft- softly, bright -brightly, honest honestly.
The spelling rules:
-if the base form ends in l, add-ly
careful- carefully; helpful helpfully.
-if the base form ends in -y, change -y to -i and add -ly.
Happy- happily, day- daily
7. if the base form ends in -e, drop e and add -ly
true- truly, due- duly, able- ably, suitable- suitably, gentle -gently, simple- simply.
8. if the basic form ends in -ic, add -ally.
Economic- economically, historic- historically, specific- specifically, public -publicly, automatic- automatically, scientific- scientifically, critic- critically.
Some words have the same form whether they are used as adjectives or adverbs. Other -ly words cannot be used as adverbs.
-words referring to time ending in -ly that can be adjectives or adverbs:
Early, hourly, daily, monthly, weekly
9. words ending in -ly that are adjectives, never adverbs:
courtly(manners), deadly(weapons), earthly(comfort), heavenly (music), leisurely (pace), lively (party), lonely (people), lovely (friendship), worldly (wisdom).
And others formed from the words referring to people:
Brotherly, sisterly, motherly, kingly, queenly, princely, friendly, scholarly, saintly.
10. other irregular forms that can be adjectives and adverbs:
high adjective: She has a high position.
Adverb: She threw the ball high in the air.
Highly means greatly: She was highly regarded.
Fast adjective: You had a fast trip.
adverb: You must have been driving fast.
Hard adjective: He had to make a hard choice.
adverb: He worked hard.
Hardly means scarcely: He was hardly able to choose.
Late adjective: She had a late appointment.
adverb: She arrived late.
Lately means recently: She has not seen the doctor recently.
Likely adjective: Paula is a likely candidate for a job.
adverb: The bus will very likely leave on time. (Many writers modify likely by a word such as very, more, most when used as an adverb).
Like is a preposition that means similar to:
Paula looks like her sister.
Low adjective: The roof is low.
adverb: The branch of the tree hung low over the porch.
Lowly means not a high position:
He disliked his lowly job.
Deep adjective: Keep away from deep waters.
adverb: The treasure was buried deep in the earth.
Deeply refers to emotions:
I am deeply sorry about the accident.
Near adjective: The end of the job is near.
adverb: The dog was afraid to come near.
Nearly means almost: We nearly had an accident.
USES
- saying how, where, when, how often something happens or is done
He went quickly/ by train/alone.
there/home/ up to the second floor
recently/a couple of weeks ago.
- modifying verbs and adjectives
Prices have gone up excessively.
Microchips are very cheap.
She almost forgot her passport.
She is terribly forgetful. His idea is absolutely out of question.
She is absolutely fabulous.
They totally disagree with our position.
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Its been remarkably successful.
- describing the rate of change we use the following adverbs:
substantially, a great deal, to some extent, slightly, rapidly, sharply, gradually, slowly.
WORD ORDER OF ADVERBS
The adverb goes:
- before the main verb
He rarely drinks alcohol.
- between a modal and a main verb
I can usually take at least an hour for lunch.
- between two auxiliaries for frequency adverbs
She has always been devoted to the company.
- after the direct object
She speaks Spanish very well.
- after the verb to be:
I am still waiting.
She was obviously delighted.
We are always ready to pay you a visit.
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of frequency answer the question How often? . Usually they are used in the middle position but the phrases of frequency are used in the end position. Scarcely ever is used in the middle position. Some common adverbs of frequency are:
Affirmative Negative
Always never
Usually rarely
Frequently seldom
Often scarcely ever
Sometimes occasionally
Generally
Many times
Every day/week/month/ year...
Twice/ three times a day/week/ month...
She must always /never/often work on Fridays.
She must scarcely ever work on Friday.
She must work on Fridays every week/many times/twice a month.
Do not use no, not, never in the same clause with a negative adverb of frequency.
Adverbs of relative time
Adverbs of relative time can be used with all tenses as meaning permits, but they are used especially with the progressive tenses. They are used in the middle position of a clause. The most common adverbs of relative time are: just, still, already, yet(in negative clause), lately, recently, soon.
Rus sel was recently looking for this book.
He recently found it.
He has just found it.
He will soon be using it in his computer class.
When he bought the house, it had recently been remodelled.
He soon decided to make it larger, however.
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of manner answer the question How? or How well .
Usually they are used at the end of a clause or in the middle position in the perfect tenses. Putting them at the beginning of the sentence gives them strong emphasis. Do not put these adverbs between the main verb and the direct object.
He cleaned the room carefully.
He carefully cleaned the room.
Carefully he cleaned the room(emphatic).
Do not confuse the adverb construction with the adjective after the verb to be or another linking verb.
He is careful to clean the room.
Put the adverbs of manner that are closely connected in meaning with the subject of the clause directly after the subject instead of after the verb. These adverbs correspond to predicate adjectives.
Mary kindly helped the old woman.
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of place answer the question Where?
Like adverbs of time they can be a single word or phrase. Put them before or after the main clause. Put more specific information before more general information.
We have just moved to a new house in the city.
My brothers were born in Montreal, Canada.
You will find the book i n the upper right-hand corner of the bookcase in my bedroom.
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of time answer the question When?
They can be a single word, a phrase or a dependent clause. Put them before or after the main clause. Put more specific information before more general information.
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My youngest sister was born at 3:15 a.m., March23, 1970.
Use at before clock time, on before a day or date, and in before a month used alone, a year, or a century. Use commas to separate several items if you do not use prepositions.
Dependent clauses of time
Put a comma after a dependent clause at the beginning of a sentence but do not put a comma between an independent clause and a dependent clause that comes at the end of the sentence.
When the industrial revolution in England began, it brought many changes.
The industrial revolution in England brought many changes when it began.
Adverbs that emphasize
Adverbs that emphasize are only and even . In writing, put only and even directly before the word they modify. Where you put them makes a great change in the meaning of a clause.
Only I (no one else) told Fred to come last week.
I only told Fred to come last week. (told, not commanded).
I told only Fred (no one but Fred) to come last week.
I told Fred only to come last week.(to come, not to do anything else).
I told Fred to come only last week. (Before an adverb of time, only means either as recently as or at no other time).
