.
In the 1970s, several research projects were initiated to aid in the premining planning of surface coal mining(Grim and Hill, 1974; Dames and Moore, 1976; Imhoff, et al., 1977; Ramani and Clar, Pugilese, 1979). Mining actions use up some resources to produce minerals The mining process, along with processes both upstream and downstream from mining, produce waste prod ucts, all these affect the environment. There are direct costs and revenues to the company and public from mining. Also there are indirect costs and benefits. All these must be
1970 - , premining ( ճ, 1974; , 1976; , , 1977;. Clar, Pugilese, 1979). 䳿 , , , . . . .
Recognized and coordinated in the premining planning process. The necessary planning steps are to(1) make an inventory of the premining conditions; (2) evaluate and decide on the postmining requirements of the region, consistent with the needs and desires of the affected groups; (3) analyze alter- native mining and reclamation schemes to achieve best the objectives; and(4) develop an acceptable mining, reclama tion, and land use scheme that is the most suitable under the technical, social, and economic conditions(Ramani, et al., 1977; Riddle and Saperstein, 1978).
premining. (1) premining; (2) postmining , ; (3) ; (4) , RECLAMA , , ( . 1977; , 1978).
Information Needs
For planning reclamation, information is needed in eral areas. The initial concern from the environmental stand- point was the ability to reclaim the land in a minimal manner; today, however, the environmental studies required prior to opening surface mines are much more detailed. Any attempt to extract mineral resources involves consideration of phys- ical, biological, social, physiosocial, biosocial, and psycho- social factors of the mining environment. From the initial construction of access facilities for prospecting to the final completion of the mining and beneficiation operations, the ecosystem balance is continually being altered. ultimate goal of
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Since the ultimate goal of the reclamation plan is to ensure that the surface-mined land is returned to a productive use, it is appropriate to consider information needs for postmining land-use planning. Land-use factors can either be classified as natural or cultural. Important factors that must be con- sidered are listed in Table 4. A brief discussion of the major factors follows. Detailed discussion of these factors can be found in Clar(1982), Clar and Ramani(in press), and Ramani and Sweigard(1983)
, , postmining . . , 4. . Clar (1982), Clar ( ), Sweigard (1983)
Natural factors
the land-use factors include, at least, the geomorphic, a they site. were Au man, of can by characteristics be altered nature. and soil result characteristics of Factors climatic, hydrologic, initially though Natural these Topography: Topographic relief is the difference in ele- vation between high and low points in a specific site or region. Relief and its relationships to climate, soils, hydrology, and plants are of concern to mine planners. The configuration or topographic relief of the land surface, the direction in trends of mountain chains, and the proximity to large water bodies must be considered together since these factors largely de- termine the direction of prevailing winds, humidity of the Slope or gradient
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Slope or gradient affects runoff and drainage, hence, water content of the soil(Toumey and Korstian, 1947). Topography influences the selection of the type of mining and mining equipment. Severe terrains also influence the methods of revegetation, and limit alternatives for future land use. Climate: Extremes in climate affect the selection of equip- ment. Seasonal fluctuations determine desirable planting
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addition to the problem of permafrost in severely ficult. Heavy rains can cause erosion, complicating mainte- nance of water quality con:rol and establishment of vegetation. Temperature acts as a constraint, particularly to agri- cultural and silvicultural land uses. Cyclic and seasonal changes in temperature determine the length of the growing season, potential evapotranspiration, precipitation occurring as snow, and frequency of freezing and thawing. These con- ditions are of prime concern for agricultural purposes, par- ticularly, plant growth. A high freeze-thaw frequency accelerates weathering of overburden materials, increasing
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increasing the infiltration characteristics of the materials. Precipitation interacts with several other factors includ
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ing atmospheric pressure, temperature, solar radiation, wind, humidity, evaporation, and the geology and geomorphology of an area. These interactions determine the potential for water resource availability, a major factor in determining the potential of an area for resource development. A water supply deficiency, such as that encountered in the arid regions. not only makes reclamation of mined lands difficult but may preclude any type of postmining development. In the humid regions, the situation is reversed. Here excessive rainfall can represent major design problems. Altitude: Altitude, the height above sea level, has a pro- nounced effect on the climatic characteristics of a site. The atmosphere is less dense at higher altitudes and consequently is incapable of absorbing and retaining as much heat as is retained at lower altitudes. A rise of 91 m(300 ft)in altitude
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