1) , .
, , :
We have received from him a detailed instruction containing all necessary data. , .
We sent there all the necessary instruments including the ammeter. , .
2) , , .. :
What readings did the ammeter show? ?
Whose permission did he receive? ?
, .
1. Never will we yield a single inch of our soil to the enemy. 2. Unshakable is the fraternal alliance of bankers and their investors in our country. 3. Monolithic and unbreakable seemed to be the friendship among the peoples of our great country. 4. Never in world history has a military victory been fraught with such momentous consequences as the victory won by the Soviet Army at Berlin. 5. Not only were the flower of the Nazi army buried on the banks of the Volga so also were the perfidious plans of the Western reactionaries.
1. In recent years there has been produced by various nuclear reactions radioactive isotopes of all known elements. 2. Were the temperature higher the results of the test would be better. 3. Not before the 20the century did we succeed in discovering the secrets of atomic energy. 4. Nowhere in the world can you find such a magnificent subway as the Moscow and the Leningrad metro. 5. Up went the flags signifying the great day of victory. 6. In vain did he try to reach the North Pole. 7. Had the weather conditions improved, the expedition would have returned in time. 8. There seem to be grounds for expecting splendid crop next year. 9. There exist several editions of this book.
Practicum
A
A FERMI-DGENERATEATOMIC GAS, a gas of fermion atoms (atoms composed of an odd number of particles) which essentially overlap with one another, has been created for the first time, promising tabletop insights into the basic properties of neutron stars, superfluid helium and all forms of superconductivity. Preparing this gas of fermions requires the exact same conditions as for preparing a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of boson atoms, atoms composed of an even number of particles. One must cool a gas of atoms to the point that they exhibit wavelike properties and pack them densely enough so that the average distance between atoms is comparable to their deBroglie wavelength. At this point, individual atoms become impossible to distinguish. If the atoms are bosons, they fall collectively into the lowest-energy (ground) state to form a BEC. If the atoms are fermions, however, this cannot happen. The Pauli exclusion principle prohibits two fermions from occupying the same state. Instead, the fermions dutifully occupy different quantum states on the lowest available energy levels, just as water fills a bottle from the bottom up to some top level. This ensemble of atoms is called a quantum degenerate gas owing to the fact that the differences between bosons and fermions only become important in this low-temperature, high-density regime. A Fermi degenerate gas has more energy than predicted by classical physics, because fermions have to occupy higher and higher energy levels once the lower ones get filled up. Achieving this state has been difficult because cooling fermions is more difficult than cooling bosons: placed in a trap made with magnetic fields, fermions in similar states tend to repel each other and avoid the energy-transferring collisions required for evaporative cooling. To combat this, researchers in Colorado (University of Colorado) prepared potassium-40 atoms in two different states of spin, a quantity that describes how the atoms respond to an external magnetic field. The two species could collide with one another and this enabled evaporative cooling to occur.
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Then, one spin species was removed by a radio-frequency field, leaving about a million of atoms in the other spin species for study.
The Colorado group deduced their temperature to be approximately 290 nanokelvins the lowest ever recorded for a gas of fermions.
They witnessed that the fermion nature of the atoms dramatically inhibited evaporative cooling. This is due in part to the Fermi pressure the repulsion of atoms in the trap which resists the compression necessary for effective evaporative cooling.
(Therefore, this system can provide insights into how the fermions that make up white dwarfs and neutron stars remain buoyant instead of collapsing by the force of gravity.) In the future, researchers hope to study superconductivity by forming Cooper pairs with the fermions, at even lower temperatures than presently achieved.
Creating such a Fermi superfluid will enable investigations into all forms of superfluidity and superconductivity. Other groups are pursuing these and similar states with other fermion atoms.
ANOMALOUS ACCELERATION UPDATE. Last year a team of scientists published an assessment of the long-term trajectories of certain spacecraft, including Pioneer 10 and 11, showing that even after all known sources of gravity (sun, planets, comets, etc.) and other forces were taken into account, an extra acceleration seemed to be present. Now a series of letters concerning this assessment appears in the same journal (30 August 1999). John Murphy of Johns Hopkins argues that the explanation lies in the asymmetric radiation given off by the crafts electronics as waste heat. Jonathan Katz of Washington University implicates the recoil of radiation (from radioactive thermal generators, or RTG, powering the craft) off the rear of the high-gain antenna. The authors of the original paper basically assert that these two particular explanations fall short of accounting for the anomalous acceleration by roughly a factor of five or more.
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CORRECTION. Fermionic atoms are atoms with an odd number of constituents (electrons, protons, or neutrons), but it should be emphasized that these constituents are themselves fermions, namely half-integral-spin entities.
B
For sale: the race for the White House
Julian Borger in Washington
Friday January 7, 2000
This years US presidential election is in danger of being bought in advance by powerful business corporations which expect government favours in return, according to a new who owns who of Washington politics published yesterday by election watchdogs.
According to the Centre for Public Integrity, all leading candidates in both major parties have been compromised by their links with big business, including Bill Bradley and John McCain, who are campaigning on promises to clean up US elections.
In its new book, The Buying of the President 2000, the centre claims that corporate investment in political campaigns had proved so effective in influencing candidates future policies in recent years that US businesses were pouring more cash into the process than ever before.
It noted that the Republican frontrunner George W Bush raised $37m (J22.5m) in his first four months campaigning more than either Bill Clinton or Bob Dole raised during the entire 1996 election. Mr Bush has now amassed more than $67m; nearly triple the previous record, held by Mr Clinton.
Charles Lewis, the chief author said: Our democracy is now sponsored by the vested economic interests who want favours from their elected officials. The candidates and their political parties are proficient at obscuring the sources and even the amounts of their campaign cash.
The book was based on analysis of federal election commission records and the financial disclosures made by the candidates. Peter Eisner, the centers managing director, said Mr Bradley and Mr McCain, both standing on clean hands tickets, were as guilty of exchanging cash donations for political influence as their establishment rivals.
Mr Eisner said Mr Bradley, as a senator for New Jersey, supported 45 special bills aimed at offering export aid and tariff reductions for companies producing highly toxic chemicals. During that same period, chemical firms were among the biggest donors to his election fund.
Most of Mr Bradleys biggest donors have been New York finance firms, whom he helped as a senator by defending corporate tax breaks in sharp contrast to his current calls to end corporate welfare.
Senator McCain is accused of improperly trying to influence the federal communications commission in favour of a major contributor to his campaign, Paxson Communications. The book said the Arizona senator intervened to stop the expansion of a national park in Nevada which benefited a property development company, Del Webb, his seventh biggest career patron.
The vice-president, Al Gore, lobbied hard to arrange the sale of federal land to the Occidental oil company, a major contributor to both his and his fathers political campaigns, despite his vocal support of environmental issues.
The list of Mr Bushs donors reads like a whos who of the Texas oil industry. While governor, he backed pollution laws, which relied on voluntary compliance by oil companies.
The book also notes one Democratic Party supporter who donated $330,000 and then asked for a job in the White House for a friends daughter. Her name? Monica Lewinsky.
C
Two guys were walking through the jungle.
All of a sudden, a tiger appears from a distance, running towards them.
One of the guys takes out a pair of Nikes from his bag and starts to put them on.
The other guy with a surprised look on his face exclaims,
Do you think you will run faster than the tiger with those?
His friend replies:
I dont have to out run it, I just have to run faster than you.
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Tips for Managers and Bosses
Never give me work in the morning.
Always wait until 4:00 and then bring it to me.
The challenge of a deadline is refreshing.
If its really a rush job, run in and interrupt me every 10 minutes to inquire how its going.
That helps. Or even better, hover behind me, advising me at every keystroke.
Always leave without telling anyone where youre going.
It gives me a chance to be creative when someone asks where you are.
If my arms are full of papers, boxes, books, or supplies, dont open the door for me.
I need to learn how to function as a paraplegic and opening doors with no arms is good training.
If you give me more then one job to do, dont tell me which is the priority.
I am psychic.
Do your best to keep me late.
I adore this office and really have nowhere to go or anything to do.
I have no life beyond work.
If a job I do pleases you, keep it a secret.
If that gets out, it could mean a promotion.
If you dont like my work, tell everyone.
I like my name to be popular in conversations.
I was born to be whipped.
If you have special instructions for a job, dont write them down.
In fact, save them until the job is almost done.
No use confusing me withuseful information.
Never introduce me to the people youre with.
I have no right to know anything.
In the corporate food chain, I am plankton.
When you refer to them later, my shrewd deductions will identify them.
Be nice to me only when the job Im doing for you could really change your life and send you straight to managers hell.
Tell me all your little problems.
No one else has any and its nice to know someone is less fortunate.
I especially like the story about having to pay so much taxes on the bonus check you received for being such a good manager.
Wait until my yearly review and THEN tell me what my goals SHOULD have been.
Give me a mediocre performance rating with a cost of living increase.
Im not here for the money anyway.
Knock-knock!
Whos there?
Doris
Doris who?
Doris locked, thats why I had to knock!
Ever notice a theme in company names?
If its a single somewhat aristocratic sounding name such as Bogglesworth of London, Est. 1793, theyre most likely a tea, coffee, or wine importer.
If its two names, such as Gilchrist & Soames or Avalon & Gray, they seem to deal with soap, skin care, or clothing products.
If its three names, its an insurance firm or small law firm.
If its four names, its an upper tier law firm.
If its five names, its a small law firm thats merged with a soap company.
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A father and son went fishing one day. After a couple hours out in the boat, the boy suddenly became curious about the world around him. He asked his father, How does this boat float?
The father thought for a moment, then replied, I dont rightly know, son.
The boy returned to his contemplation, then turned back to his father, How do fish breath underwater?
Once again the father replied, Dont rightly know, son.
A little later the boy asked his father, Why is the sky blue?
Again, the father replied. Dont rightly know, son.
Worried he was going to annoy his father, he says, Dad, do you mind my asking you all of these questions?
Of course not, son. If you dont ask questions youll never learn anything!
Private Jones was assigned to the Army Induction Center, where he was to advise new recruits about their government benefits, especially their Serivcemans Group Life Insurance (SGLI).It wasnt long before the Centers Lieutenant noticed that Private Jones had almost a 100% record for insurance sales, which had never happened before. Rather than ask about this, the Lt. stood in the back of the room and listened to Jones sales pitch.
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Jones explained the basics of the SGLI to the new recruits, and then said.
If you have SGLI and go into battle and are killed, the government has to pay $200,000 to your beneficiaries. If you dont have SGLI, and you go into battle and get killed, the government has to pay only a maximum of $6000.
Now, he concluded, which bunch do you think they are going to send into battle first?
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My uncle just told us his latest response when telemarketers call to urge him to switch long distance phone services.
He says I dont have a phone.
They usually say Oh, Im sorry. And hang up.
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There was a bear and a rabbit.
Now Mr. Bear and Mr Rabbit didnt like each other very much and one day, whilst they were walking through the woods they came across a golden frog.
The frog turned to them and said: Ooh, I dont often meet anyone in these parts.
They were amazed that the frog had talked to them.
The golden frog admitted: Mind you, when I do meet someone I always give them six wishes.
You can have three wishes each in this case.
Mr. Bear immediately wished that all the other bears in the forest were females.
The frog granted his wish.
Mr. Rabbit, after thinking for a while, wished for a crash helmet.
One appeared immediately, and he placed it on his head.
Mr. Bear was amazed at Mr. Rabbits wish, but carried on with his second wish.
He wished that all the bears in the neighboring forests were females as well, and the frog granted his wish.
Mr. Rabbit then wished for a motorcycle. It appeared before him, and he climbed on board and started revving the engine.
Mr. Bear could not believe it and complained that Mr. Rabbit had wasted two wishes that he could have had for himself.
Shaking his head, Mr. Bear made his final wish, that all the other bears in the world were females as well, leaving him as the only male bear in the world.
The frog replied that it had been done, and they both turned to Mr. Rabbit for his last wish.
Mr. Rabbit revved the engine, thought for a second, then said:
I wish that Mr. Bear was gay! and rode off as fast as he could!
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