Fig. 2 shows results obtained on the apparatus pictured in Fig. 1 with the expander filled with non-flow medium whose temperature could be regulated independently of that in the main flow. When the expander was filled with water whose temperature (tr) was below
100C, it being practically uncompressible medium, the critical fluxes, at P = atm(Kg/cm*), FFg. = 400 Kg/mz sec, and =0, amounted to about 4xl06 kcal/m2 hr and steadily decreased with
increasing relative heat content in terms of the formula Xex = ()
where iex is the enthalpy at the outlet, or 19 in the cross-section where the crisis usually originated, i' is the enthalpy of water at saturation temperature and r is the latent heat. Over the 0 to 1 range x is steam quality; for water subcooled to ts, x<0 and for superheated steam x > 1.
1 (. 271, 8). .
2 . 2 Fig. 2 shows (. 253).
3 , .
4 .
5 ... , . , with being (. 199).
6 ... the temperature of which. whose temperature, whose .
7 . , (. 135), the temperature of which could change. . - . : Whose temperature could be regulated.
8 independent(ly) of, from (. 100).
9 : the temperature of which could change independently from the main flow temperature : whose temperature could be regulated independently of that in the main flow. , 6, 7, 8 , that (. 63) .
10 , in those cases (experiments) when (where) when (where).
11 , : In experiments when the expander had been filled with water. Past Perfect Passive : , (. 153). , , , , . Past Indefinite: When the expander was filled with water. : . .
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12 the water (. 26).
13 ) at a temperature 10. . whose temperature was below 10.
14 . .that is ..., that is . , (. 197).
15 ... . : burnout fluxes -were... critical fluxes amounted to, .
16 monotonly, , , monotonically , . steadily , , .
17 : when the relative enthalpy increased. : with increasing enthalpy as the enthalpy increased (cm. 192). in terms of(. 107).
18 : on the outlet of.... at the outlet. , .
19 . . that is (. 14). or (. 109).
20 : usually.
21 the crisis takes place, a the crisis originates.
22 ; .
23 "* : between the values. over the range.
273.
1 , 2, s qbo . = 0 " 0, 7, 10 6 /, 5 , 0,5, . , 6, , nts. 7, , , , 100 ta =100 12,5 . , - 8, . . 0, gsp 9 (; 10 ).
When the expander was filled with compressible medium superheated steam or nitrogen the value of qBO sharply decreased. When xex =0 the minimum value of burnout heat flux is about 0,7x 10 6 I{cal/mz}\T; when xex is increasing, then qso increases too and reaches its maximum value at xex =0,5 and then again decreases. When the expander was filled with water heated to the temperature near ts the results were approximately the same. This is connected with the fact that the compressibility of water filling the expander was in this case much higher than in the first series of experiments because water being heated from 100 C, up to ts and P =100 ata, its compressibility gets approximately 12.5 times higher. In other experiments w:hen a steam-water mixture enters the heated tube, i. e.;rin<4), the value of gBo for all the three series of experiments is practically the same (xin 10 value of x on tube inlet).
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When the expander was filled with a compressible medium such as superheated steam or nitrogen, </ sharply decreased. Where Xex was 0 the minimum critical flux was found to be ca. 0.7xl06 kcal/m2 hr and increasing xex led also to an increase in qso that reached its maximum at Xex = 0,5 and then dropped again. Filling the expander Math water heated to under ts and 100 atm gave similar results,
the compressibility of water increasing 12.5 times over the temperature range from 100 G to ts. When the test tube is fed with a steam-water mixture, that is, with Zin> , remains in all three runs practically the same. (Xis refers to X at the tube inlet).
1 compressible medium . , , , : a compressible medium (. 9).
2 such as,
3 q : the value of q. : , .
4 ... ... 컗The... flux was found to be... (. 211).
5 , ... , (. 255) to lead to (. 254).
6 similar, a approximately the same.
7 ... , , , (. 197). , , 34 48, , , 31 . , 1015% . , , , .
8 - : a steam-water mixture enters the heated tube. : is fed into, .
9 , , , : experience, experiment, run. , : run (. 56).
10 to refer to.
I.
. . . , 1959.
. ., . . . , I960.
.. . , 1963.
. ., .. . , 1959.
. . . ., 1947.
. . . . . ., 1963.
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. X. . . . ., 1958.
. , . , 1887.
. . , - . . . , 1958.
. ., . . . . . , 1962.
. ., . . . , 1953.
. . . ., 1960.
. ., . . , , 1957.
. . . . . , 1958.
. ., . ., . . . . I. - . , 1960.
. ., . . . ., 1963.
. . . ., 1957. . . . . . , 1957.
19 . .
. ., . . ( ). - , 1961. . . . , 19321935.
.. . , 1956.
. ., . X., . . . , . XXV, . 6. ., 1956 ., . 665704.
.. . , 1961 ( ).
. A. Modern American Writers on Technical Style.
, 1963 ( ).
. ., . . . , 1961.
. . ( ). , 1959.
. . . --, 1961.
. . . . ., 1961. . . - . . . , 1961.
. . . . . . ., 1962. . . ( ). ., 1963.
. . . ., 1934.
. . - . ., 1953.
. . ,
. , 1962.
. . , , . (, , , ). . 2, , 1962.
. . ( ). . , , 1960.
. . On Grammar for Technical Translators. , 1960 ( ). . . . , 1952.
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. ., . . . , 1961.
.. . . . , 1958.
. . . . IXII. ., 19331936; 2 . ., 19371941.
. . ( ). 2 . , 1958.
. . - . , . ., 1961.
. ., . . . , 1960.
. ., . . - . ., 1959.
.
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M n A. R. English for Technical Colleges. London, 1957.
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S t r u n k W. jr. The Elements of Style. Revised by E. B. White, N. Y., 1959.
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....................................................................................................... 3
............................................................................................................. 5
I. 7 II. .............................................................................................. 9
III. .... 10
IV. ... 12
V. V. .. 14
VI. 15
VII. , 18
VIII.
................................................................. 18
IX. , .. 24
X. ,
................................................................. 29
XI. 32
1. ...................................................................... 33
2. . 34
3. ..................... 34
4. dozen, hundred, thousand, million 35
5. ................. 35
. ...................................... 36
7. .. 36
8. ,
................................................................ 36
9. 37
10. 39
11. further 39
12. : and, or, but, rather than 40
13. : what, such, many, quite, so, too 40
14. , ,. 41
15. ................... 43
16. 44
17. 45 18. ,
46
19.
..................................... 47
20. ,
, of............................... 49
21. , , ( of),
............................................ 52
22. all both... 53 23. , ............................................... 53
24. 54
25. , 54
26. : water, sand, light, air, work, gas, steam, ice, blood, tar...................................................................................................................... 55
27. : oxidation, deformation, tension, polygonisation, rotation, detection, description, attention, reaction, experience, experiment, evidence, throughput, activity, equilibrium, resonance, viscosity, diamagnetism, hydrolysis, alcoholysis, pyrolysis, addition, separation, distillation, dilution, substitution, methylation, alkylation, racemisation, reduction, Irradiation, ultrafiltration, transfer, fission, dehydration, decomposition, sublimation...,,... 56
28. : hardness, machinability, ease, composition, toughness, microstructure,weight, conductivity, resistance, shrinkage, porosity warping, purity, size, load, flow, volume, activity, test, weight, content, shape, height, temperature, distance, equilibrium, behaviour, consti tution, transfer, rate, ratio, drop 58
29. , of, : field, type, problem, degree, evidence, concept, hypothesis, discussion, theory, criterion, scheme, apparatus, mechanism, method, mode, technique, condition, influence, direction, effect, operation, restriction, temperature 60
30. , , of, : knowledge, inspection, measurement, effect, evidence, bromination, deter mination, confirmation, activity, formation, decomposition, fission, coordination, addition, precipitation, separation, isolation, breakdown, oxidation, hydrogenation, infection, synthesis, depletion, diffraction, polymerisation, insolubility....................... 62
31. , for from, : progress, distillation, fractionation, involvement, hydrogenation, preparation, rotation, lysis, chromatography, conversion, chemisorption, freedom, isomerisation, recrystallisation 64
32. , by with, : increase, filtration, oxidation, adsorption, reaction, chlorination, extraction, precipitation, evidence, spectroscopy, diffraction, consideration, lack, hydro- xylation, passage, solution.......................................................... 65
33. be fore, at, in, on, after, when, following, regarding, due to, on the basis of, by means of 66
34. : in energy, in intensity, in degree, in accuracy, in course, in value, in yield, in number.......................................... 68
35. : to lead to, to be due to, to result from, to attribute to, to turn to, to expose to, to respond to, to judge by, to be based on (upon), to be independent of.................................................................................................................. 68
36. , : to undergo, to involve, to come to, to maintain, to present, to offer, to effect, to seek, to reach, to acquire, to require, to favour, to prevent 69
37. : chapter,
table, figure, equation, formula, type, case, fraction, appendix 71
38. , , , ,
.................................................................................... 72
39. 73
40. : number, few, little, people . 79
41. , 81
42. 84 43. , , is, ies, ics, us 34
44. , 86
45. export import
........................................................................ 86
46.
means, works, series, species, apparatus, kinetics.............................. 86
47. : iron, copper, heat : advice, information, progress, knowledge............................................ 87
48. ............................................... 87
49. ............................................................. 88
50. ....................... 90
: ,
51. Alternative............................................................................................................. 92
52. Approach.................................................................................... 92
53. Consideration...................................................................... '.... 93
54. End....................................................................................................... 93
55. Evidence.............................................................................................. 93
56. Experience........................................................................................... 93
57. Instance............................................................................................... 94
58. Procedure.................................................................................................... 94
59. Technique................................................................................................... 94
60. to be 4- of + ................................. 95
61. whatever + .......................................... 95
62. one............................................. 95
63. : that, those................................ 96
64. : the former, the latter... 97
65. .......................................... 97
66. as -- as................................................ 98
67. as 4* () + as possible 99
68. not so + ()4- as.... 99
69. the ... the -- 100
( ),
70. Careful, carefully............................................................................... 100
71. Characteristic of................................................................................ 101
72. Conventional, conventionally........................................................ 101
73. Different............................................................................................... 101
74. Extra.......................................................................................................... 102
75. Fair, fairly................................................................................................... 102
76. Marked, Markedly............................................................................. 103
77. Occasional, occasionally........................................................................ 103
78. Particular.............................................................................................. 104
79. Previous, previously................................................................................. 104
80. Repeated, repeatedly............................................................................... 105
81. Suitable....................................................................................................... 105
82. Tentative, tentatively.............................................................................. 106
83. : hitherto, generally, previously, recently, already, long, now, then, since, never 106
84. : mainly, largely, markedly, readily, easily, accurately, slowly, gradually, closely, effectively, immediately, reversibly, exclusively, satis factorily, normally, unequivocally, unambiguously, tentatively, virtually...................................................................................................... 107
85. , , : mechanically, electrically, co- lorimetrically, potentiometrically, exothermally, thermodyna- mically, azeotropically, gravimetrically, sterochemically, frac tionally, structurally, quantitatively, qualitatively........................ 109
86. , , : fortunately, regrettably, unfortunately, undoubtedly, surprisingly (enough), obviously, originally, subsequently, eventually, finally; mathematically, physically, politically, scientifically, indust rially; qualitatively, quantitatively........................................................ 110
87. , - , : admittedly, announcedly, apparently, conceivably, reportedly, reputedly, seemingly, supposedly 110
88. : however, never theless, again, also, now, thus, on the other hand, alternatively, further, furthermore, conversely, therefore, in fact............................ Ill
,
89. However..............................................................................................
90. Again......................................................................................................... 115
91. Also.......................................................................................................... 115
92. Now........................................................................................................... 116
93. Thus...................................................................................................... 116
94. Alternatively............................................................................ 118
95. Badly........................................................................................................ 118
96. Unfortunately............................................................................. 118
97. Unlikely................................................................................... 119
98. Well....................................................................................................... 119
99. ()...................................... 119
100. , ............................. 120
101. with............................................................... 127
102. over.............................................................. 128
103. by + ()................................. 129
104. in + ()......................................... 129
105. under + .......................................... 130
106. not until (till) +
................................................................................................................. 130
107. in terms of.............................. 130
108. to substitute substitution by for... 131
109. or................................................................................................... 131
110. for........................................................................................... 132
111. provided, providing.......................................................... 132
112. both... and, and... both............................. 132
113. either... or................................................... 133
114. whether...or........................................................... 133
115. as + , 133
116. when, while, if -- III ,
, .................................. 134
117. : if, unless, provided (that), providing(that), until, till, once, as soon as,
as long as, when, after, before............................................................ 135
118. and, or, but.. 136
119. ................................................ 138
120. ........................... 140
121. ............................................................... 141
122. ......................................... 142
123. ..................................................................... 143
124. ..................................................................... 145
125. not 145
126. .... 145
127. , ... 146
128. ............................ 146
129. more than ... 147
130. for no other reason than..................................... 148
131. rather than................................................................ 148
132. to fail ....................................... 148
133.
.................................................................................................... 149
134. 151
135. 151
136. by with 153
137. ()
by................................................................................ 155
138. with , , : to oxi dise, to treat......................................................................................... 156
139. with by 156
140. by means of by with 158
141. by : to be followed by, to be accompanied by, to be provided by, to be substituted by, to be affected by....................................................... 158
142. 159
Continuous Tenses
143. Continuous Tense (Active). ... 159
144. Continuous Tense (Passive)........................................................... 161
Perfect Tenses
145. Perfect Tenses................................................................................... 161
146. Present Perfect................................................................................. 161
147. Present Perfect : recently, just, already,
never, long, to date................................................................................... 162
148. Present Perfect recently, just, already, never,
long, to date.......................................................................................... 162
149. Present Perfect (Abstract)
(Summary) .................................. 163
150. Present Perfect ..................... 164
151. Present Perfect ,
..................................................................................... 165
152. Present Indefinite Present Perfect.. 165
153. Past Perfect...................................................................................... 166
154. Future Perfect.................................................................................. 167
155. Present Perfect Continuous........................................................... 168
156. Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous 168 Sequence of Tenses
157. ...................................................... 169
158.
............................................... 170
159.
................................................ 171
160.
............................................................ 172
161.
....................................................................................................... 173
to be., to have, to do
162. : to be + ( ) 174
163. : to be + ( ). 175
164. : to be + .......................................... 176
165. : to have .......................................... 176
166. to do ... 177
167. to do 179 168. to do
.... 180
169. ........................................................................................ 182
170. on, upon, after, before, prior to, in 183
171. by by means of......................... 184
172. : besides, instead of, in preference to, apart (aside) from, except,
save, in addition to, together with, beyond........................... 184
173. : for, on account of, because of, due to, through, owing to, thanks to; with the object to (of), with a view to, with the aim of, for the
purpose (sake) of..................................................................................... 185
174. without............................................ 186
175. in spite of........................... 186
176. in case of, in the event of, sub ject to 187
177. against, for : on the point (verge) of, far from 187
178. 188
179. ............................................. 188
180. : to begin, to start, to stop, to finish, to give up, to leave off, to keep, to keep on, to go on, to put off, to postpone, to delay, to be busy 190 181. : to like, to dislike, to prefer, to hate, to afford, to mind, to enjoy, to be worth while, to be no good, to be useless, to be (of) no use. 190 182. : to mention, to remember, to suggest, to warrant, to justify, to need, to avoid, to recommend,
to require................................................................................... 191
183. .............................................. 191
184. 192
185. .................................................................. 192
186. owing to, (to be) due to, to
lead to, to result in................................................................................ I93
187. being..................... 195
188. ............... 196
189. ............................. 196
190. ........................................................................................... I97
191. ............................................. 197
192.
18
193. ......... 199
194. : +
............................................ 200
195. 200
196.
.......................................................................... 201
197. ............................................ 203
198. , with................... 206
199. , with being 206
200. , with
.................................................................................................... 208
201. .............................................................................................. 209
202. 210
203.
.................................................................. 211
204.
.......................................................................... 212
205. ................................................. 212
206. .... 213
207. -................................................................... 215
208. -...................................................... 217
209. .............................................................. 219
210. ()................................ 220
211. ............................................................. 220
212. - to turn out, to happen, to seem,
to appear....................................................................................................... 223
213. - to prove...................................................... 223
214. - to be sure, to be
certain, to be likely, to be unlikely, to be apt............................... 224
215. as () 225
216. - , by 227
217. - .......... 229 218. -, to be (being)..................................................................................... 230
219. - 233
220. - ......................... 234
221. -.......... 236
222. - 237
223. for 4- () 4- 238 224. to cause, to make, to force, to lead, to get 4- () .......................................... 239
225. to allow, to enable, to permit 240
...,..,
226. '
....................................................................... 242
227. , , , , , ........................... 242
228. ,
....'. 244 229. would, might, could ,
.................................................................................................... 245
230. .............................................................. 245
231. II III .. 246 232. 247
,
233. affect.,.............................................................................................. 248
234. assume........................................................................................ 249
235. attempt............................................................................................. 249
236. be available................................................................................ 250
237. be bound........................................................................................... 250
238. claim............................................................................................ 250
239. develop........................................................................................ "251
240. estimate...................................................................................... 251
241. follow.......................................................................................... 252
242. hold.................................................................................................... 252
243. involve, involving............................................................................. 253
244. To need.................................................................................................... 255
245. To offer............................................................................................. 255
246. To refer to................................................................................................ 256
247. To suggest........................................................................................ 256
248. To take............................................................................................. 257
249. To treat............................................................................................... 257
250. To undergo.............................................................................................. 258
251. To be useful............................................................................................. 259
252. ' 260
253. 261
254. to give rise to, to lead to, to result in, to deal with, to give, to form, to produce, to yield, to bring about 262
255. 262
256. there............................ 263
257.
265
258.
................................................................................ 266
259. 268
260. one, he, the author, the writer, the in vestigator 271
261. ().... 272
262. it is (was, were,
will be)...that (which, who, whom) . 273
263. .................. 274
264. 274
265. 276
266. 276
267. -
all each............................................................................................... 276
