.


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. , to be + -

17F,


, . :

. This method is to be reported in more detail.

164. : to be-f . ( + ) to be , . ( to be situated, to be located : -. The substituent group is located in the (3-position). :

-. The amino group is in the p-position.

, , , . It is of particular interest to note that for binding of azo-pyridine by zinc is always larger when the zinc is on the protein than when it is in aqueous solution.

-, . The most direct route to these compounds appeared to be through the degradation of carbohydrates. . , , , . . (, ), , , : 'cis' ( --); 'trans' ( -) .. :

, , , , -. The authors must have been right in assuming the compound to be cis.

CD . The ring junctions BC and CD are also trans.

165. : to have + . to have + , , , , ( , . 143). :

, . It may be that in other cases both kinds of heterogeneity have to be taken into account.

.The rate of gas flow does not have to be large.

. We have had to decide which course of reaction to choose.


100, , 150, . Hoffman allowed this ester to react with ammonia at 100, but found that the temperature had to be raised to 150 to insure a satisfactory yield.

. We shall have to neglect migrating hydrogen, because of the ambiguity of mechanism.

1. to have + + ( to) , , , ( , . 143).

:

. I have a new book to show you.

, , , . When Mendeleev was constructing his table, it was obvious that several gaps should be left in order to have the succeeding elements fall into their proper groups.

, - . In order to have the reaction take place in a single phase a standard solution of cupric oleate or naph-t.enate in kerosene has been proposed.

2. may + have + .

:

, , , , , , , . The apparatus must of course be so constructed, that parts, such as the column, which may have to be interchanged, can be easily reached.

166. to do . to do . to do : . to do , , ,

12 . . 77


, , ( , . 144). to do , indeed, actually, really, in fact.

:

, . Experiments showed that the starting products did indeed contain impurities.

, to do .

1. to do , , however.

:

, . However, what actually does occur remains obscure.

- , . Blair and Bryce-Smith have, however, shown that the photolysis of iodobenzene does give rise to the production of phenyl radicals.

2,2,4- . Under more severe conditions 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane did undergo extensive reaction.

2. to do , , , although, though.

:

, ( ) I II . Although molecular compounds of mononitrobenzenes are practically unknown, the substances (I) and (II) do yield such complexes.

( ) , () - . Though some substances (e. g. sand) seem to be very nearly insoluble, water does dissolve most things to some extent.

, () , . This procedure, though not the best, did supply practically all the aldol needed for our experiments.

3. to do , , , but.


:

, (: , ). Ferrocene does behave as an antiknock agent in gasoline, but oxide production limits its utility.

() , - , , , , . . , . Most authorities agree that catalysts do in some manner combine with the substance or substances upon which their catalytic influence is exerted, but there has been much difference of opinion as to whether the union is of a physical or adcorb-tive kind, or whether it is to be regarded as chemical.

() , . The value of the rate constant did depend upon the concentration of nitric acid used, but this did not change significantly during the course of a given run.

, , , but, to do .

:

(: ) , . Nitrous oxide does not react with Grignard reagents but does react with many organoalkali compounds.

:

Relative driving forces in substitution or rearrangement help also to correlate cases of participation by neighboring carbon in addition reactions. Thus, for example, such participation does not occur in halogen addition to t-butylethylene, but is does occur with bicyc-loheptene and probably also with 3-phenyl-3-methyl-l-butene.

167. to do . (. 261). Present Past Indefinite, to do.

12* 179


: not only... but (also) ... ; not alone... but ... ; no sooner... than ; hardly (scarcely)... when ... ; only ; never ; nowhere ; neither, nor , ; not until ; ().

:

, . Not only did Osborne isolate many new proteins of vegetable origin, but described them in detail.

, , . The list does not include transient intermediates formed in the Wurtz reaction, nor does it include the intermediates of the malonic ester or acetoacetic ester syntheses and related reactions.

, , . Not until Newton made his famous discovery did scientists realize the significance of this law.

, , 1930 . Not until 1930 did the first evidence of the actual existence of such uncharged particles, called neutrons, come forth.

168. to do . to do . :

, , . Not all metals react with acids, and when they do the gas evolved is not always hydrogen.

to do .

1. than.

, . Immune isoantibodies have a wider thermal amplitude than do natural antibodies.

, , , , , , . Workers in the field have noticed that the acid first formed by this reaction has a higher alkali content than it does after standing.


PI , , . In each instance, the PI fraction had a lower glucosamine to galactosamine ratio than did the original blood group substance indicating the preferential removal of gluco-samin under these conditions.

. , to do to have.

2. as. ;

, , . Methanol contains a hydroxyl group, as does acetic acid, but this is not an acidic hydroxyl.

, - , . This modification differs from a racemic mixture in that it constitutes but a single phase, as does a racemic compound.

I II , . Conversion of the diacetate I to the cyanohydrin II proceeded in high yield, as did dehydration of II.

, . Morphological features will aid in classification of phages much as they do in classification of other organisms.

, . Therefore a mixture of the two shows a depressed melting point just as do mixtures of other substances.

, , , , , . These statements about the course of second order reactions which proceed in several steps, as the various polycondensations obviously do can be summarized as follows.

3. : it does so.

, . Methyl chloride does not co-ordinate to trimethylaluminium though it does so to aluminium chloride and gallium trichloride.

, , , , , , . Planck and Einstein have shown that when light reacts with matter it does so as if it were composed of discrete particles known as corpuscles or photons.


169. , -ing. ( ). , () , Perfect.

, , , , , : , .

, , : they began reading = they began to read. . , . , , .

, , .

, . , , .

; ( being + /// . , . :

, . I am glad at being invited.

Active; : having-)-/// . , (, ) (). :

, () . I did not speak of having read this book.

Passive; : having been + III . ,


. :

. After having been discussed the report was published.

. . .

170. on, upon, after, before, prior to, in.

.

, : + + . , . :

. On being heated these salts decompose.

, . Upon switching off the current the pressure dropped.

, , . On finding that the apparatus was working badly, they discontinued their experiments.

(: ... : ) ... /£ gassing off chlorine and excess chlorine trifluoride...

. Before cutting a new cappillary.

. Before proceeding to deal with these theories.

(: ...) Before being sent to the warehouse, the cases were counted and marked.

(: ) . In looking for rare antibodies, tests at room temperature should be included.

Identical procedures are followed in preparing the powder photographs.

2. on (upon) after .

after , , , ,


, . on (upon).

171. by, by means of. : 1) : , , + ; 2) ; 3) , , ; 4) .

:

(: , ; : ). You may help me by translating this article.

. Winkler prepared tetraethylgermane by treating germanium tetrachloride with diethylzinc.

( ) . The quantity of polymer eventually formed was estimated by distilling off the monomer directly from the sample (preferably under vacuum) and weighing the residue.

, , . If the sulfuric acid solution of the oxonium salt is diluted carefully by pouring it slowly on ice, the ether can be liberated in unchanged condition.

β-, , . Additional evidence for this interpretation can be secured by recording a polarogram of β-ethylhydroxylamine, which should give a wave at the same potential as the second nitroethane wave.

, (: - () ( ) They succeeded in raising the accuracy of their measurements by means of introducing another variable.

. by + . 103.

172. : besides, instead of, in preference to, apart (aside) from, except, save, in addition to, together with, beyond. : 1) ; 2) ,


, , , , , , , . .

:

, , . Besides being very involved this procedure is very costly.

(: ) . Instead of using chlorine, they took bromine.

, . The goods were taken to the warehouse instead of being sent to the factory.

, , . We suggested that the three cards of each substance be interleaved in the same index, in preference to having three separate files.

, . In addition to carrying out installation work, Russian specialists will also give assistance in starting the atomic reactors.

, , . This tube is very similar to others, save being a bit wider.

173. : for, on account of, because of, due to, through, owing to, thanks to, with the object to (of), with a view to, with the aim of, for the purpose (sake) of. : 1) : , -, , + ; 2) , , , , , , . . :

(: , ). This apparatus is used for recording the temperature.

(28) (29) , , , . Equations (28) and (29) provide a means for calculating the degree of separation obtained under various conditions, and for clarifying the factors affecting the sharpness of separations.

. In the next chapter the actual procedures for reducing the errors as far as possible are discussed.


1927 . - . This principle was used in 1927 by Langmuir, for developing an atomic hydrogen torch for high temperature welding.

, . Catalyst poisons normally act through being very strongly adsorbed, and covering the main part of the surface.

... For the sake of avoiding the introduction of further terminology...

(: , : , ) . They have worked for three years with a view to improving the quality of the end product.

. A committee has been established for the purpose of coordinating the nomenclature.

, . They have discussed this problem with a view to elucidating controversial issues.

174. without. without : 1) ; 2) , , , , , ; 3) .

:

(: , : , : ), . Without being subjected to special treatment rubber cannot be extensively used.

, . It is customary to dry the precipitate on the paper without removing it from the funnel.

175. in spite of. in spite of : 1) ; 2) , , .

:

, ( ), . In spite of having met with failure they continued experimenting.


176. in case of, in the event of, subject to. : 1) : , + ; 2) , , , , .

:

, , . In case of the reaction proceeding without explosion it would be considered useful.

(: , ) , 18- . In the event of being ordered to two ports of loading the steamer will not arrive at the port of discharge before August 18th.

(: , ) . This offer is made subject to receiving your confirmation within 7 days.





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