All metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals are metals and alloys the main component of which is iron. The classification of ferrous metals includes iron, steel and its alloys. Metals in general and especially ferrous metals are of great importance in various constructions. Machine tools and machinery, steamships and locomotives, automobiles and bridges are produced by the steel industry. Non-ferrous metals are metals and alloys the main component of which is not iron but some other element such as copper, aluminium and others.
Some characteristics of non-ferrous metals are: high electric and heat conductivity, high corrosion resistance, non-magnetic qualities, light weight and easiness to fabrication. Zink, copper and lead sulphides, aluminium and tin oxides, magnesium, are the naturally occurring minerals from which these metals are extracted.
There are some properties of metals:
a) They can be known by specific by their specific metallic lustre.
b) Metals can be forged.
c) Metals can be pulled.
d) All metals, except mercury, are hard substances.
e) Metals are fusible andcan be melted.
f) Metals are good conductors of electricity.
Exercise 6. Explain the following words from the text.
Ferrous metals, alloys, machinery, non-ferrous metals, non-magnetic qualities, electric conductivity, corrosion resistance, steel industry.
Exercise 7. Retell the text answering the following questions.
1) What groups are all metals divided into?
2) What is the main component of ferrous metals and alloys?
3) Do ferrous metals include iron, steel and its alloys?
4) Are metals of great importance in machine-building?
5) Are automobiles made of ferrous metals?
6) Where else are ferrous metals used?
7) What's the difference between ferrous and non-ferrous metals?
7) How can all metals be known (distinguished)?
8) Can metals be forged and pulled?
9) Are all metals hard substances?
10) What are the main properties of metals?
Exercise 8. Match the words and expressions on the left with those on the right.
1) metal product a)
2) ore b)
3) malleable c)
4) forming d)
5) cutting e)
6) to deform f)
7) pour g) ;
8) mold h)
9) hammer i)
10) forging temperature j)
11) excess material k)
12) finished part l)
13) die m)
14) chips n) , ,
15) smelt o)
Exercise 9. Before reading the text learn the following metalworking processes.
Casting- ,
Sheet metal forming -
Hot forging -
Drawing -
Welding -
Exercise 10. Read the text and underline all the cases of the Passive Voice.
Metalworking Processes
Metalworking is industry of working with metals to create individual parts or big structures. In the distant past people discovered that rocks now called ores could be smelted, producing metal. Further, they discovered that the metal product was malleable and ductile and thus able to be formed into various tools and put to other practical uses.
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Metalworking generally is divided into the following categories, forming, cutting, and, joining. Each of these categories contains various processes.
Forming processes modify the shape of the object by deforming it, that is, without removing any material. Casting is an example of achieving a specific form by pouring metal into a mold and allowing it to cool. Sheet metal forming is widely used when parts of certain shape and size are needed. The metals are stretched in order to obtain the new shape. Hot forging is deformation with such tools as hammers while the material is at forging temperature. Drawing consists of pulling metal through a die.
Cutting is a collection of processes of removing excess material using tools. The result of cutting is two products, the excess material, and the finished part. The excess material is chips and excess metal. One of the most common examples of a chip producing process is drilling a hole in a metal part.
One of joining processes is welding. It is a fabrication process when metal parts are joined together by the application of heat, pressure, or a combination of both. Heat welding is the most common welding process used today.
Exercise 12. Translate the following words and word combinations from text Metalworking processes into Russian.
Rocks called ores, to be smelted, malleable, casting, mold, allowing it to cool, parts of certain shape and size, at forging temperature, chips or swarf, drilling, the most common examples, metals are stretched, hot forging, obtain the new shape.
Exercise 13. Translate into English.
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .
Exercise 14. Rewrite the sentences in the Passive.
1) We will create individual parts and structures.
Individual parts ..
2) Further people discovered new properties of metals.
New properties of metals .
3) Three metalworking categories include various processes.
Various processes ..
4) These processes modify the shape of the object by deforming it.
The shape of the object ...
5) The engineer poured metal into a mold and cooled it.
The metal .
6) The student deformed the material with hammers while it was at forging temperature.
The material
7) They must remove excess material using tools.
Excess material ..
1) Scientists will drill a hole in a metal part.
A hole
9) People use heat welding very often today.
Heat welding ...
10) We need to obtain a new shape of the material.
A new shape of the material ...
Exercise 15. Translate the sentences into English using active vocabulary of the lesson.
1) .
2) .
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3) .
4) .
5) , .
6) .
7) , .
Exercise 16. Speak on.
The importance of metalworking processes in our life.
Unit5
Materials Science
Exercise 1. Practice pronunciation of the following words and remember them. The stressed part is in bold type.
Mat e rial, techn ol ogy, m o dern, ph y sics, pl a stics, met a llurgy, el a stic, deform a tion, m e tal, vibr a tion, engin e ering, c y clic, t e mperature, mach i ne, c o mponent, w e ight, or i ginal.
Exercise 2. Fill in the correct prepositions Fill in the correct prepositions: on, from, of, in, at, for, on.
1) Silicon is the important material an electronic computer chip. Your CD, DVD player, and telephone - all depend semiconductors.
2) Creep is a slow, permanent deformation resulting a steady force acting a material.
3) Paints, plastics and most of the food you eat are made of polymers.
4) Every part your body is a material!
5) Material scientists work labs and universities all over the world.
6) Materials high temperatures usually suffer this deformation.
7) Fatigue is the result external forces.
Exercise 3. Translate the following words and define their parts of speech (noun, adjective, and verb):
Metal, compression, deform, technologist, scientific, vibration, scientist, metallic, compress, technology, chemistry, metallurgy, technological, chemist, deformation, science, chemical, vibrate.
Exercise 4. Match the words and expressions on the left with those on the right.
1) laboratory techniques a)
2) external forces b)
3) elastic deformation c)
4) compression d)
5) bending e)
6) metal fatigue f)
7) torsion (twisting) force g)
8) rupture h)
9) tensile stress i)
10) creep j)
11) metal bar k)
12) Decrease in volume l)
Exercise 5. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences and translate them paying attention to Passive voice:
1) Materials can are fabricated to have different properties.
2) Most materials is subjected to a torsion (twisting) force.
3) No deformation is saw during fatigue.
4) Rolling can be do either hot or cold.
5) Decrease in volume shall be caused by compression.
6) New laboratory techniques has been used to find new metalworking methods.
7) The metal bar was subjects to a tensional (tensile) force.
8) New materials with the desired properties can be created.
Exercise 6. Read the text and underline all types of forces acting on materials.
Material Science
Materials Science and Technology is the study of materials and how they can be fabricated to meet the needs of modern technology. Using the laboratory techniques and knowledge of physics, chemistry, and metallurgy, scientists are finding new ways of using metals, plastics and other materials.
Engineers must know how materials respond to external forces, such as tension, compression, torsion, bending, and shear. All materials respond to these forces by elastic deformation returning their original size and form when the external force disappears. The materials may also have permanent deformation or they may fracture. The results of external forces are creep and fatigue.
Compression is a pressure causing a decrease in volume. When a material is subjected to a bending, shearing, or torsion (twisting) force, both tensile and compressive forces are simultaneously at work. When a metal bar is bent, one side of it is stretched and subjected to a tensional force, and the other side is compressed.
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Tension is a pulling force; for example, the force in a cable holding a weight. Under tension, a material usually stretches, returning to its original length if the force does not exceed the material's elastic limit. Under larger tensions, the material does not return completely to its original condition, and under greater forces the material ruptures.
Fatigue is the growth of cracks under stress. It occurs when a mechanical part is subjected to a repeated or cyclic stress, such as vibration. Even when the maximum stress never exceeds the elastic limit, failure of the material can occur even after a short time. No deformation is seen during fatigue, but small cracks develop and propagate through the material until the remaining cross-sectional area cannot support the maximum stress of the cyclic force. Knowledge of tensile stress, elastic limits, and the resistance of materials to creep and fatigue are of basic importance in engineering.
Creep is a slow, permanent deformation that results from steady force acting on a material. Materials at high temperatures usually suffer from this deformation. Loosening of bolts and the deformation of components of machines and engines are all the examples of creep. In many cases the slow deformation stops because deformation eliminates the force causing the creep. Creep extended over a long time finally leads to the rupture of the material.
Exercise 7. Fill in the correct verb from the list below. Use the words only once. Translate the phrases.
Meet, suffer, return,propagate,eliminate, support, respond, fabricate, decrease, loosen, exceed
original size, the needs, bolts, volume, cracks, the material's elastic limit, to external forces, the maximum stress, from deformation, material, the force
Exercise 8. Find the following word combinations in the text.
1)
2)
4) , , , ,
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
Exercise 9. Put the words in the correct order and answer the questions:
1) What size change materials the form and forces of?
2) What of results external are the forces?
3) What compression cause does?
4) What of tension result is the?
5) What we do fatigue call? When occur it does? What of are the fatigue results?
6) What call do creep we? When this does take place deformation? What of results creep are the?
Exercise 10. Translate into English the following sentences paying attention to Participle I:
1) , .
2) , .
3) , .
4) , .
5) , .
6) , .
7) , , .
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8) , .
9) , , .
10) , .
Exercise 11. Translate the words from Russian into English to complete the sentences.
1) material was not used in the production of tools.
2) One side of metal bar was compressed.
3) The material did not return to its original length.
4) metal into a mold was cooled.
5) machine tools were in bad condition.
6) instruments were in the laboratory.
Exercise 12. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to Participle II:
1) Hydrogen is the lightest element known.
2) The work performed showed good results.
3) The substance obtained contained some admixtures.
4) Unless heated, this substance does not melt.
5) Gold does not rust not even when heated.
6) This substance does not dissolve in water whether heated or not.
7) The temperature of the liquid obtained remained constant.
8) This reaction will be of little service unless catalyzed or carried out at high temperature.
9)Metals do not melt until heated to a definite temperature.
10) Given the weight and gravity of a body you can calculate its volume.
Exercise 13. Speak on
What subjects are the most important for you as a future engineer? Prove your reply.
Unit 6
Machine Tools
Exercise 1. Listen and repeat after the speaker. Practice the pronunciation of the following.
[ ] conventional, machine, operation, shape; [ ] unconventional, among, number, punch, production, ultrasonic, industry, ultrathin; [aι] either, classified, grinder, die, light, primarily, device, microprocessor; [ ] saw, auxiliary, forming, drawing; [eι] lathe, shaper, planer, laser, capable, aerospace, range; [æ] gas, ram, alloy, plasma, category, [ι:] beam, superheated; [α:]arc, discharge, particle, ultrahard.
Exercise 2. Match these words with their initial forms and Russian equivalents.
1) shaper, shaping a) drill 1)
2) milling b) bore 2)
3) planer c) grind 3) ,
4) drilling d) draw 4)
5) boring e) shape 5)
6) grinder f) shear 6)
7) shearing g) press 7) ,
8) drawing h) plane 8)
9) pressing i) form 9)
10) forming j) mill 10)
Exercise 3. Explain the meaning of these expressions taking into account the value of the prefix and ending and the sense of the base form.
Example: the drilling machine
The drilling machine is used to create holes.
1) ultrahard alloys
2) ultrathin materials
3) a tricycle
4) a microprocessor
5) a multi-user configuration
6) ultrasonic machines
7) a minicomputer
8) a multispindle unit
Exercise 4. Before you read the text, try to answer the following questions.
What is a machine tool?
What is it used for?
What kinds of machine tools do you know?
Read the texts and match them with the headings in the list.
ü Machine tools are stationary power-driven machines
ü Presses
ü Unconventional machine tools
ü Conventional machine tools
1..They are used to shape or form solid materials, especially metals. The material to be shaped is called the workpiece. Nowadays most machine tools are electrically driven. Machine tools with electrical drive are faster and more accurate than hand tools. They form the basis of modern industry and are used either directly or indirectly in the manufacture of machines and tool parts. Machine tools may be classified under three main categories: conventional machine tools, presses, and unconventional machine tools.
2. Among the basic machine tools are the lathe, the shaper, the planer, and the milling machine. Auxiliary to these are drilling and boring machines, grinders, saws, and various metal-forming machines.
3..They employ a number of different shaping processes, including shearing, pressing, or drawing. Presses are equipped with dies and punches. Presses are capable of rapid production because the operation time is that needed for only one stroke of the ram.
4..They employ light, electrical, chemical, and sonic energy; superheated gases; and high-energy particle beams to shape the exotic materials and alloys that have been developed to meet the needs of modern technology. Unconventional machine tools include plasma-arc, laser-beam, electro discharge, electrochemical, ultrasonic, and electron-beam machines. These machine tools were developed primarily to shape the ultrahard alloys used in heavy industry and in aerospace applications and to shape and etch the ultrathin materials used in such electronic devices as microprocessors. Numerical control of machine tools and flexible manufacturing systems have made it possible for complete systems of machine tools to be used for the manufacture of a range of products.
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Exercise 5. Read the following active words and word combinations. Can you guess their meanings? Compare your ideas with other students.
Stationary power-driven machines; electrically driven; hand tools; unconventional machine tools; metal-forming machines; boring machines; shaping processes; rapid production; operation time; superheated gases; high-energy particle beams; electron-beam machines; aerospace applications; numerical control; flexible manufacturing systems; range of products.
Exercise 6. Translate into English.
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - ; - .
Exercise 7. Using the information from the text Machine tools, complete these statements. Translate them. If necessary look at the Vocabulary.
1) Modern machine tools are used to..
2) There are three main categories of machine tools:..................................................
3) Drilling, boring machines, grinders, saws and various metal-forming machines may be referred to.
4) Presses shape the workpieces without cutting away material thats why they are equipped with..
5) A press consists of a frame supporting a stationary bed, .. and a power source.
6) to shape the exotic materials and alloys.
7) Unconventional machine tools include..
Exercise 8. Match the terms from the list below with the explanations and definitions.
Planer, lathe, drilling machine tool, ultrasonic machine, portable circular saw, grinder, laser.
1) It is particularly suited to making accurately placed holes. It can make holes in refractory metals and ceramics and in very thin materials without warping the workpiece.
2) Unlike the shaper, which moves a tool past a fixed workpiece, this device moves the workpiece past a fixed tool.
3) It holds and rotates the workpiece while cutting tools shape it.
4) It employs high-frequency, low-amplitude vibrations to create holes and other cavities.
5) It removes metal with rotating abrasive wheel.
6) Hole-making machine tools are used to drill a hole where none previously existed.
7) They are classified into three general types, according to the kind of motion used in the cutting action: reciprocating, circular, and band-sawing machines ( ).
Exercise 9. Answer the questions to the text Machine tools.
1) What are machine tools used for?
2) How are most machine tools driven nowadays?
3) What does workpiece mean?
4) What categories are machine tools classified under?
5) What machine tools are among the basic ones?
6) Are there any auxiliary machine tools?
7) Dies and punches are designed for such operations as forming, punching, and shearing, arent they?
8) What do unconventional machine tools employ to shape the materials?
9) What machine tools are used in heavy industry? What kinds of alloys do they shape?
10) What is numerical control of machine tools used for?
Exercise 10. From the noun machinewe can form other words:
Machined, machinery, machineman, machines, machining, machinist
Decide which part of speech each word is and complete the following word combinations.
1) Diamond ... part
2) Metal-working
3) Skilled
4) .'s kit
5) Electric rotating
6) . by chip removal
Exercise 11. Put the words given in the brackets into the proper order. Translate the sentences without a preliminary preparation.
1) In general, the shaper can produce almost any surface composed of (straight-line elements).
2) The planer is the largest of (the machine reciprocating tools).
3) Drilling machines vary in size and function, multispindle units, (production automatic machines), and (drilling-hole-deep machines).
4) Plasma-arc machining employs a (high jet velocity) of (gas high-temperature) to melt and displace material.
5) Extremely fine wires can also be welded using (laser machining beam equipment).
6) (A high-frequency pulsating electric current) is applied between the tool point and the workpiece.
7) The process is performed in a vacuum chamber to reduce the scattering of electrons by (molecules gas) in the atmosphere.
8) (Drive motor) is usually used to power (larger guns machine) on vehicles, aircraft, and naval vessels.
9) (Operated-machine device) employed in engineering, manufacturing, woodworking, and metalwork to cut or shape metal or wood parts.
10) Important (power-machine or operated tools) include lathes, dies, presses, and equipment used for boring, milling, and welding.
Exercise 12. Translate the sentences into English using active vocabulary of the lesson.
1) , .
2) , .
3) , -, - .
4) .
5) , , , .
6) , , , , , , .
7) - , .
8) - , .
9) , , .
10) .
Exercise 13. Speak on.
What main categories of machine tools do you know? Describe each of them.
1. .. : / .. , .. . . 9-. /.: , 2007. 349 .
2. . . Energy is the Source of Life , , - / . . . -: , 2000. 508 .
3. .. / .. . .: ..,1966. 97 .
4. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia
5. http://en.wikipedia.org
6. http://www.multitran.ru
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Vocabulary
