.
""
, , - "" (.. , ) , . "" , "" ( "" ) ( "", , ), , "" . " " (management by project).
"" . 5.2.1.
"" , . "" , "" . "" ( . ad hoc ), , . "" , , , , "" .
" "
"" , " ". , , "" , . " " . 5.2.2.
" "
"" . "" . "" . "" , " ", . 5.2.3.
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("", " " " ") :
, ;
, ( "" , ; , , , ).
. 5.2.1. ""
"" (dual)
, "" (dual) , . 5.2.4.
"" , . , , (, , , , ) , (. ).
. 5.2.2. " "
. 5.2.3. " "
. 5.2.4. ""
"" :
, , ;
, .
""
, , , "" , :
(. 5.2.5);
(.5.2.6);
(. 5.2.7).
" " , . . . .
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" " , . , , .
" " , . , , , . : , (. 5.2.8).
, , .
. "" . " " " ", .
. 5.2.5. ,
. 5.2.6. ,
. 5.2.7. ,
, (. . 12).