. ( ) , , , .
, ; ; .
, , .
:
σp= F0 / < [σ] F0 , ;
[σ] (. );
(. . . 6.29). . 20...30 % d3 :
= πd2p / 4,
d2 ; d3 (. . 6.1).
, . (, .) , d , .
.
1. F0, . (. . 19.3). . F0:
:
, , , , F0, FPX4.
(6.11)
Fm,, = l,25F0. Fpac4=l,2F0. " :
(6.12)
[σ] :
(6.13)
; [s] .
[s]T . 6.4 d.
6.4. []
\s\T /, | |||
6... 16 | 16...30 | 30...60 | |
5...4 6...5 | 4...2,5 5...3,3 | 2,5..1,6 3,3...3,0 |
d . 6.4 [s\T. d, , d .
|
|
d'v (6.12) (. . 6.1) d, d2 dv (6.9) / dp > d'p.
d<8 , .
. 6.29.
(. 6.29).
( , .) [s]T d . \s]T = 1,7...2,2; [.s]T = 2...3.
, 6.2.
6.2. (. 6.29). , F,, = 20 . 20, 4.6. .
. 1. . 6.4 = 3 , d 16...30 . . 6.3 = 240 /2.
[ (6.13))
2. [ (6.11)]
3. [ (6.12)]
2. F. (. 6.30) . , . F .
F0:
(6.14)
= 1,4...2 ; f ; f =0,15...0,20; i ( . 6.30 / = 2); z .
, , Fpac4=1,3F0 [. (6.11)].
(6.12). [σ] , .
. 6.30. , F |
, , F0 F, . , = 1,5, i = 1, f =0,15 z= 1 (6.14)
F0= 1,5F/(1 * 0,15*1) = 10F.
, , . (. 6.31). .
- . (. 6.32) () (). , . , . d0 :
|
|
(6.15)
/= 1...2 ( . 6.32 /=1); Z ; [] :
(6.16)
. 6.31.
6.3. , , /"= 2,8 (. . 6.30). 20, 4.6. . .
. 6.32. , -
3. . (. 6.33, , ), , , . .
: Fn ; F , .
() F. F : %F , (1 x)F . % () .
. 6.33. :
, ; ,
. /. / = / .
() , . .
λ λ , 1 . , λ = l/(), l, , , (. [9]).
, ,
(6.17)
χF χ ( ), (, ). F . ( ) ( ) F .
.
:
= 0,2;
(, , .) χ= 0,3...0,4.
(6.17) , . , ,
F0 F0min :
(6.18)
|
|
: .= 1,25...2; £, = 2,5...4.
(6.17) .
:
(6.19)
(6.12). (6.13), [s]T .