.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


(the pronoun)




 

, , , .

(I, you, he, she, it, we, they) ? ?

' (me, you, him, her, it, us, them) (, , ) , :

Tell me everything about them. .

, .

:

This letter isfor you. This article was translatedby him. have received a letterfrom her. quite agreewith him. I readabout it yesterday. showed the bookto her. . . . . . ³ .

? , , .

7.

   
() ³     ' ()    
 
who? ? what? ? ? whom? ? ? what? ? ? ? ? whose?  
       
I you he she it we you they me , you , him , her , it , us , you , them , m , , , your , , , his her its , our , , , your , , , their  

 

8.

   
this , , that , , these those

, , , 䳺.

 

Ͳ

SOME , , :

havesome pencils. .

ANY -, - :

Have you got any pencils? - ?
have notgot any pencils. .

NO , 䳺 :

haveno pencils. () .

. any -, -.

You can buy stamps at any post-office. - .

 

9. some, any, no, every

     
thing   body, one   where    
- some something - somebody someone - somewhere -  
  any anything ,   anybody anyone - anywhere    
any anything - anybody anyone - - anywhere - -  
  not... any no   not... anything nothing   not... anybody not... anyone nobody, no one none not... anywhere nowhere
  every everything everybody everyone everywhere
                   

10.

     
1- 2- 3-   myself yourself herself himself itself     () ourselves yourselves themselves      
         

 

11. One (ones)

one ones Take my pen. Thank you, I have got one. Some products are more nutritious than the other ones. ³ , (). ().

 

, one (ones), that of (those of). one that of, ones, those of.

7. 䳺

(the verb)

ij , , :

¾ : to cut ; to put ;

¾ : to sleep ;

¾ : to feel ; smell , , ;

¾ (): to hear , ; to see , ;

¾ : to think , ; to consider ;

¾ : to imagine ();

¾ : to speak , ; to say , , ; to tell , , ;

ij . 䳺 , , , . 䳿 䳺 .

ij (Finite Forms) (Non-Finite Forms) .

, , , , , 䳿 :

He lives in London. ³ .

, , , , . (the Infinitive), (the Gerund) 䳺 (the Participle).

12.

The Infinitive () To know everything is to know nothing. .
The Gerund () I am fond of reading books. .
The Participle (䳺) Money spent on the brain is never spent in vain. , , .

 

(tenses)

䳺: Indefinite (Simple) Tenses ( ), Continuous Tenses ( ), Perfect Tenses ( ) Perfect Continuous Tenses (- ). 12 .

: The Future-in-the-Past .

. 䳺 .

(the mood)

䳺 . :

1. ij (the Indicative Mood) , , :

13.

She speaks English fluently. .
He spokeEnglish fluently. ³ .
They will speakEnglish fluently. .

2. (the Imperative Mood) 䳿, , , . :

14.

Tell me all about it. .
Choose an author as you choose a friend. , .
Dont be late. .
Dont waste time, it flies. , .

3. (the Subjunctive Mood) , , , , , , , .

If I saw her tomorrow, I would tell her about it. , .
( . ).

, :

If I had seen her yesterday, I would have told her about it. () , .
( (). ).

, .

ij .

, , .

. 䳺 .

(the voice)

, , ᒺ 䳿. , , ᒺ 䳿.

A lot of people speak English all over the world. .

people ᒺ 䳿, English ᒺ.

English is spoken all over the world. .

English ᒺ 䳿. ᒺ 䳿 .

, ᒺ, ᒺ 䳿, .

䳺 (the Active Voice) (the Passive Voice).

ᒺ 䳿, 䳺- .

We often see him in the library. .

ϳ we ᒺ 䳿, see 䳺- .

ᒺ 䳿, 䳺- .

He is often seen in the library. ( ) .

ϳ He ᒺ 䳿, isseen 䳺- . ᒺ 䳿 .

, , (ᒺ 䳿), ᒺ 䳿 :

Rome was founded in 753 B.C. 753. .

Rome () ᒺ 䳿, was founded ( ); ᒺ 䳿 Rome (), .

ᒺ 䳿 by with:

The potato was brought to Europe by Spanish. .
Her eyes were filled withtears. .

dz

Dr. Pemberton invented Coca-Cola in 1886. - - 1886 .

,

Coca-Cola was invented by Dr. Pemberton in 1886. - - 1886 .

, (Dr. Pemberton) by (by Dr. Pemberton), 䳺- (Coca-Cola) .

, . .

䳺 䳺 (to) be () , , 䳺 (the Past Participle) 䳺.





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