, , , .
(I, you, he, she, it, we, they) ? ?
' (me, you, him, her, it, us, them) (, , ) , :
Tell me everything about them. .
, .
:
This letter isfor you. This article was translatedby him. have received a letterfrom her. quite agreewith him. I readabout it yesterday. showed the bookto her. | . . . . . ³ . |
? , , .
7.
() ³ | ' () | ||
who? ? what? | ? ? whom? ? ? what? | ? ? ? ? whose? | |
I you he she it we you they | me , you , him , her , it , us , you , them , | m , , , your , , , his her its , our , , , your , , , their |
8.
this , , that , , | these those |
, , , 䳺.
Ͳ
SOME , , :
havesome pencils. | . |
ANY -, - :
Have you got any pencils? | - ? |
have notgot any pencils. | . |
NO , 䳺 :
haveno pencils. | () . |
. any -, -.
You can buy stamps at any post-office. | - . |
9. some, any, no, every
thing | body, one | where | |||||||
- | some | something - | somebody someone - | somewhere - | |||||
any | anything , | anybody anyone - | anywhere | ||||||
any | anything - | anybody anyone - - | anywhere - - | ||||||
not... any no | not... anything nothing | not... anybody not... anyone nobody, no one none | not... anywhere nowhere | ||||||
every | everything | everybody everyone | everywhere | ||||||
10.
|
|
1- 2- 3- | myself yourself herself himself itself | () | ourselves yourselves themselves | |
11. One (ones)
one ones | Take my pen. Thank you, I have got one. Some products are more nutritious than the other ones. | ³ , (). (). |
, one (ones), that of (those of). one that of, ones, those of.
7. 䳺
(the verb)
ij , , :
¾ : to cut ; to put ;
¾ : to sleep ;
¾ : to feel ; smell , , ;
¾ (): to hear , ; to see , ;
¾ : to think , ; to consider ;
¾ : to imagine ();
¾ : to speak , ; to say , , ; to tell , , ;
ij . 䳺 , , , . 䳿 䳺 .
ij (Finite Forms) (Non-Finite Forms) .
, , , , , 䳿 :
He lives in London. ³ .
, , , , . (the Infinitive), (the Gerund) 䳺 (the Participle).
12.
The Infinitive () | To know everything is to know nothing. | . |
The Gerund () | I am fond of reading books. | . |
The Participle (䳺) | Money spent on the brain is never spent in vain. | , , . |
|
|
䳺
(tenses)
䳺: Indefinite (Simple) Tenses ( ), Continuous Tenses ( ), Perfect Tenses ( ) Perfect Continuous Tenses (- ). 12 .
: The Future-in-the-Past .
. 䳺 .
䳺
(the mood)
䳺 . :
1. ij (the Indicative Mood) , , :
13.
She speaks English fluently. | . |
He spokeEnglish fluently. | ³ . |
They will speakEnglish fluently. | . |
2. (the Imperative Mood) 䳿, , , . :
14.
Tell me all about it. | . |
Choose an author as you choose a friend. | , . |
Dont be late. | . |
Dont waste time, it flies. | , . |
3. (the Subjunctive Mood) , , , , , , , .
If I saw her tomorrow, I would tell her about it. | , . |
( . ). |
, :
If I had seen her yesterday, I would have told her about it. | () , . |
( (). ). |
, .
ij .
, , .
. 䳺 .
䳺
(the voice)
, , ᒺ 䳿. , , ᒺ 䳿.
A lot of people speak English all over the world. | . |
people ᒺ 䳿, English ᒺ.
English is spoken all over the world. | . |
English ᒺ 䳿. ᒺ 䳿 .
, ᒺ, ᒺ 䳿, .
䳺 (the Active Voice) (the Passive Voice).
ᒺ 䳿, 䳺- .
We often see him in the library. | . |
ϳ we ᒺ 䳿, see 䳺- .
ᒺ 䳿, 䳺- .
He is often seen in the library. | ( ) . |
ϳ He ᒺ 䳿, isseen 䳺- . ᒺ 䳿 .
, , (ᒺ 䳿), ᒺ 䳿 :
|
|
Rome was founded in 753 B.C. | 753. . |
Rome () ᒺ 䳿, was founded ( ); ᒺ 䳿 Rome (), .
ᒺ 䳿 by with:
The potato was brought to Europe by Spanish. | . |
Her eyes were filled withtears. | . |
dz
Dr. Pemberton invented Coca-Cola in 1886. | - - 1886 . |
,
Coca-Cola was invented by Dr. Pemberton in 1886. | - - 1886 . |
, (Dr. Pemberton) by (by Dr. Pemberton), 䳺- (Coca-Cola) .
, . .
䳺 䳺 (to) be () , , 䳺 (the Past Participle) 䳺.