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1

, , , , .

, , , . (. ).

. , . , , , .

( ) ( ).

- , .

- , .

, (Ag, Fe, Mg).

- , .

118 : 89 ( ), . , , . . , , , , .

( . ion ), , .

( . kation, ),

( . anion, ). ( ).

( . valentia ), .

, .

( . re- , , actio ), ( ) ( ) . , ( ) "" , , .

- , Z N , .

- , . A = Z + N.

- , .

16,17, 18.

. , 75,4% 35 24,6% 37; 35, 453.

, , ( ) . , . : 40Ar, 40K, 40Ca;54Cr,54Fe; 112Cd, 112Sn .

- ( 1814 . . ) ( - ,

, ).

, .

.

.

1/12 12C - .

1 .. = 1/12 m (12C) = 1,66057 10-27

(Ar) - , ( ) 1/12 12C.

(Mr) - , , 1/12 12C. .

, ...

, - .

, . , (, , , .), 0,012 12.

(NA) , 1 6,02 1023. -1 ( (1,993 *10 -26 ), NA 0.012 : NA =0,012 / / 1.993 *10-26 = 6.02*10 23 -1).

() , /, - . (m) (n) . (), , :

m = nM,n = m/M, M = m/n.

 

(.., 1748 .; ., 1789 .):



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