1
, , , , .
, , , . (. ).
. , . , , , .
( ) ( ).
- , .
- , .
, (Ag, Fe, Mg).
- , .
118 : 89 ( ), . , , . . , , , , .
( . ion ), , .
( . kation, ),
( . anion, ). ( ).
( . valentia ), .
, .
( . re- , , actio ), ( ) ( ) . , ( ) "" , , .
- , Z N , .
|
|
- , . A = Z + N.
- , .
16,17, 18.
. , 75,4% 35 24,6% 37; 35, 453.
, , ( ) . , . : 40Ar, 40K, 40Ca;54Cr,54Fe; 112Cd, 112Sn .
- ( 1814 . . ) ( - ,
, ).
, .
.
.
1/12 12C - .
1 .. = 1/12 m (12C) = 1,66057 10-27
(Ar) - , ( ) 1/12 12C.
(Mr) - , , 1/12 12C. .
, ...
, - .
, . , (, , , .), 0,012 12.
(NA) , 1 6,02 1023. -1 ( (1,993 *10 -26 ), NA 0.012 : NA =0,012 / / 1.993 *10-26 = 6.02*10 23 -1).
() , /, - . (m) (n) . (), , :
m = nM,n = m/M, M = m/n.
(.., 1748 .; ., 1789 .):