Plant of lecture (slide 2):
1 Introduction into botany. Branches of botany.
2 Structure and function of plant cell.
3 Cell theory.
4 Plant tissues and their classification.
Length of lecture: 1 hour.
Recommended literatures slide 3.
(slide 4) Botany (from Greek word botanae plant, grass) is a complex of biological disciplines about plants. Object of botany is species of kingdom Plant, also phototrophic organisms seaweeds.
In our course of botany we will also considerate separate question of morphology and systematic of some prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) mushrooms.
(slide 5) The modern structure of botany appeared at the beginning of XX century. So, modern botany includes the following departments.
Systematic describes all minerals and modern vegetable organisms, develops classification and creates a scientific basis for studying of genealogy of plants.
The morphology investigates peculiarities and regularities of an external structure of plants.
Embryology is the botanical discipline studying regularities of an creation and development of a germ of plants. The foundation of embryology is laid in the second half of the 18th century, fundamental discoveries have been made at the beginning of the 20th century.
The physiology is closely connected with plant morphology and biochemistry. The foundation of a plant physiology has been laid by the experiments on a nutrition which are carried out in the second half of the 18th century. Nowadays it is actively developing science, which studying of the processes happening in plants: photosynthesis, transport of substances, water exchange, growth, development, breath.
The geography of plants was originated at the beginning of the 19th century. It is engaged in a study of the main regularities of spatial distribution of taxons (species, genes and families) and vegetable communities on the Earth.
The plant ecology clarifies the relation of vegetable organisms to factors of the environment and a relation of plants with other organisms. It arose on a joint of ecology and botany at a boundary of the 19th and 20th centuries and now it is one of the most important branches of knowledge of the nature.
In addition to fundamental botanical disciplines, select a row of applied sciences - economic botany which considers all aspects of use of plants by the person.
There are many local direction of botany. For example, carpology - the section of knowledge of fruits, palynology studying pollen and disputes, algology studies seaweed, a briologiya - mosses, a pteridologiya - ferns.
(slide 6) Green plants are the main group of the organisms capable to accumulate energy of the Sun, creating organic substances from inorganic. At the same time plants extract carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and emit oxygen, supporting its constant structure. Being primary producent of organic compounds, plants are the defining link in difficult power-supply circuits of the majority of heterotrophy of Earth.
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Growing in various conditions, plants form vegetable communities (phytocoenosis, or plant communities), causing a variety of landscapes and ecological conditions for other organisms. With the participation of plants the soils, peat are formed; congestions of fossil plants have formed coal. Now plants are the most important sources of raw materials, biologically active agents and food for mankind.
Food value of plants is well-known. So, we use whole grasses or parts of them, or spare nutrients or substances extracted from plants. Fruits and seeds of many species are used for receiving vegetable oils. The majority of vitamins and minerals also arrive together with fresh vegetable food. An essential role in food of people is played by the spices and plants containing caffeine - tea and coffee.
Technical use of plants and products from them is carried out in several main directions. Wood and fibrous parts of plants are most widely applied. The value of wood is defined by the need for it at production of wooden designs of any types and by production of paper. Dry distillation of wood allows receiving a significant amount of the important organic substances which are widely used in the industry and in life. In many countries wood is one of main types of fuel.
Apply to the medical purposes of a plant long ago. In national and traditional medicine they make the bulk of medicines. In scientific medicine of Kazakhstan about a third of the medicines applied to treatment receive from plants. It is considered that with the medical purposes people of the world use not less than 21000 species of plants and mushrooms. About 30% of all produced medications are prepared from herbs.
Not less than 1000 species of plants part in the decorative purposes.
