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:




:

































 

 

 

 


.

»

211000.62

 

, 2013

ⅅ....3

腅.6

...9

ⅅ....14

ⅅ..15

. ...17

ⅅ22

腅...27

...32


.

, . . , , , , , .

:

1. , , . , , .

2. , , . , .

3. , , . , , .

, , . , . x , (x ). x , (x ).

- , . .

- , . , .

- ( ).

.

.

, , . A = { x|P(x) }, : "A x , P(x)".

, B = { x| x- , 10 }, , , B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }.

.

, , , .

:

-.

, , ,

 

 

.

i- , n , i- . , (i = 1), n- . . n , , ; n , , .

.

, , :

: A B - . , , A, B, . .

= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; B= {2, 3, 10, 11};

={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11}

 

, , , .

= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; B= {2, 3, 10, 11};

={2, 3}.

 

 

, .

= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; B= {2, 3, 10, 11};

={1, 4, 5}.

 

, ,

= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; B= {2, 3, 10, 11};

={1, 4, 5, 10, 11}.

 


 

.

, .

 

.

= {a, b, c}; B = {1, 2, 3};

={(a1), (a2), (a3), (b1)(c3)}.

 

.

E - , x - , R - . () A E, R, A = {mA ()/}, mA() - , 1, x R, 0 - . , x E "" R. , A E A = {mA()/}, mA() - ( ), M (, M = [0,1]). ( ) x A. M . M = {0,1}, A .

X 0 10. A X 5 8. A = [5,8] A, 1 0 X, , A . :

, 1, , A, , 0, , A.

, . B = { }.

:

A B - E.

. , A B, x E mA(x) <mB(x).

. A B , x E mA(x) = mB (x).

. [0,1]. A B ,

x E mA(x) = 1 - m B(x).

. A|B - , A B. mA|B(x) = min(mA(x), mB(x)).

. - , , , : mA B(x) = max(mA(x), m B(x)).

. -. mA-B(x) = min(mA(x), 1 - m B(x)).

 

.

:

1. (, ).

: .

:

0 1
1 0

 

 

2. ( , , AND).

: , .

n , 1, , 1 0 .

:

 

0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1

 

 

3. ( , , OR).

: , .

n , 0 0 1 .

:

0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 1

 

 

4. (XOR).

:

:

0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0



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==> ...

1897 - | 1538 -


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